{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:47:01Z","timestamp":1789807621795,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Grant","award":["DGE-1842473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1842473"]}]},{"name":"Oregon State University Agricultural Research Foundation Competitive Grants Program"},{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Specialty Crops Research Initiative Grant","award":["2015-51181-24312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-51181-24312"]}]},{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service, base funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The deferred antagonism technique has been utilized for several decades for detecting antibiosis activity. Most protocols require the elimination of antibiotic-producing cells by exposing them to chloroform vapour, UV radiation or filter sterilizing the filtrate steps that require additional time and expense to complete. We provide a modified approach to current soft agar overlay practices, which involves addition of antibiotics to the soft agar overlay to inhibit growth of the producer but not the indicator strain. This technique can be used to reproducibly and efficiently screen for antibiotic production with ease. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique with three bacterial systems: inhibition of the bacterial spot of tomato pathogen, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, by its pathogenic competitor Xanthomonas perforans; and inhibition of the fire blight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora, by Pantoea vagans C9-1 or Pseudomonas fluorescens A506.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Significance and Impact of the Study<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Deferred antagonism assays are used commonly to observe antibiotic production by micro-organisms. Killing or removing the producer cells prior to introduction of the indicator strain is a standard practice but requires additional time and special handling procedures. We evaluated a modification of the assay, where the overlay medium is amended with an antibiotic to which the indicator strain is resistant and the producer strain is sensitive. This modification obviates extra steps to kill the producer strain prior to overlaying with the indicator strain and provides a rapid, consistent and cost-effective method to detect antibiosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]],"date-time":"2020-06-07T09:47:20Z","timestamp":1591523240000},"page":"330-336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Improved deferred antagonism technique for detecting antibiosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6720-613X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.M.","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.O.","family":"Stockwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Horticultural Crops Research Unit Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.V.","family":"Minsavage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.E.","family":"Vallad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Gulf Coast Research and Education Center University of Florida Wimauma Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3512-2107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.M.","family":"Goss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida Gainesville Florida 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