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This study investigated the effects of largazole against liver fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> effects of largazole were examined using hepatic stellate cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSC<\/jats:styled-content>s). <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> effects of largazole were studied using a mouse liver fibrotic model induced by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CC<\/jats:styled-content>l<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Largazole augmented acetylation of histone H3 (H3) and histone H4 (H4) in HSCs. It directly inhibited the activation of HSCs owing to HDAC inhibitory activity as the antifibrotic effect of largazole was significantly decreased in cells with HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 knockdown. Largazole also induced apoptosis of HSCs. Largazole not only inhibited the expression of TGF\u03b2R2, but also reduced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Akt induced by TGF\u2010\u03b21. Largazole also inhibited the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor. VEGF\u2010induced proliferation of HSCs and activation of Akt and p38MAPK were also suppressed by largazole. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>, largazole reduced the expression of collagen I, \u03b1\u2010smooth muscle actin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase\u20101 in CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2013induced fibrosis, and these antifibrotic effects were associated with increased acetylation of H3 and H4. Largazole also induced HSCs to undergo apoptosis <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, which was correlated with downregulation of bcl\u20102 and bcl\u2010xL. Furthermore, largazole inhibited angiogenesis <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> as evidenced by reduced expression of CD34, VEGF and VEGFR. In addition to its antifibrotic activity, the drug reduced inflammatory activity in CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2010induced liver fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings revealed a novel role of largazole in the treatment of liver fibrosis. Through multiple mechanisms, largazole could be a potentially effective antifibrotic agent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,30]],"date-time":"2012-10-30T13:11:12Z","timestamp":1351602672000},"page":"504-515","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["A histone deacetylase inhibitor, largazole, decreases liver fibrosis and angiogenesis by inhibiting transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2 and vascular endothelial growth factor signalling"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology &amp; Chemical Technology The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong SAR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology &amp; Chemical Technology The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong 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