{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:52:36Z","timestamp":1782453156782,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]],"date-time":"2013-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>) infection is more frequent in immune deficient populations than in the general population with lower rates of spontaneous recovery in acute cases, thus explaining the high rate of chronic infection and the increased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, resulting in increased morbidity\u2010mortality in these patients. The negative impact of immune deficiency on chronic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content> infection is related to two non\u2010exclusive factors: (i) high viral load enhances the progression of fibrosis and may result in a rare severe liver disease called fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis,\u00a0which reflects the direct toxicity of high levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content> proteins; (ii) The pathobiology of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content> infection is mainly immune\u2010mediated via <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific T lymphocytotoxicity. The reduction or discontinuation of immune deficiency may result in severe liver disease including fulminant hepatitis from immune restoration. Thus, immune deficiency enhances the hepatitis B viral load, which results in the progression of fibrosis and\/or acute exacerbation of underlying liver disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content> reactivation) on one hand, whereas reduction in immune deficiency may also be harmful because of immune restoration on the other hand. This double\u2010edged sword explains why the diagnosis and evaluation of the impact of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content> infection on the liver must be especially rigorous in cases of immune deficiency whatever the cause: transplantation, oncology, haematology, internal medicine (rheumatology, gastroenterology \u2026) or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, and why pre\u2010emptive therapy by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content> nucleos(t)ide analogues should be considered for all <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]],"date-time":"2013-01-03T11:25:14Z","timestamp":1357212314000},"page":"182-187","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Management of HBV in immunocompromised patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Stanislas","family":"Pol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm U.1016 Unit\u00e9 d'H\u00e9patologie APHP H\u00f4pital Cochin Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209559"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22945"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"554","article-title":"High prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in B\u2010cell non\u2010Hodgkin's lymphoma","volume":"91","author":"Marcucci F","year":"2006","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601699"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90182-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.10.3442","article-title":"Cellular immune response to hepatitis B virus\u2010encoded antigens in acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"145","author":"Ferrari C","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302056"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-010-0337-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.040675"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90599-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23190"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2007.01618.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-7-200804010-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.7.2324"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-09-3402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03081.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","unstructured":"DrozA GilardinL CacoubP et\u00a0al.Management of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with systemic inflammatory disease. 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