{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:12:45Z","timestamp":1788779565675,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]],"date-time":"2013-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1357171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic hepatitis B (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHB<\/jats:styled-content>) in serum HBeAg negative patients is a difficult to cure, progressive disease leading to end\u2010stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, there are two different treatment strategies for such patients: a finite course of Pegylated interferon (PEG\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>) or long\u2010term administration of the more potent and less resistance\u2010prone nucleot(s)ide analogues (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NUC<\/jats:styled-content>), i.e. entecavir and tenofovir. Although <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NUC<\/jats:styled-content> may ensure persistent viral suppression by preventing disease progression in most patients, they require lifelong administration with the hypothetical disadvantages of cost, lack of long\u2010term safety data and, most important, the null rates of HBsAg seroclearance. On the other hand, 1 year of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PEG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content> has the advantage of providing an immune\u2010mediated control of hepatitis B virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>) infection, with the possibility of achieving a sustained off\u2010treatment response in 20% of the patients, ultimately leading to HBsAg loss in approximately 50% of these. However, these sustained response rates can be significantly increased by carefully selecting candidates for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PEG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content> therapy based upon baseline <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALT<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV DNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels, viral genotype and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>28B polymorphisms, by extending <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PEG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content> therapy beyond 48\u00a0weeks and, most importantly, by applying early on\u2010treatment stopping rules based upon HBsAg kinetics. Overall, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PEG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content> is an ideal treatment strategy in selected patients with HBeAg\u2010negative <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHB<\/jats:styled-content>, because of its well\u2010recognized and predictable safety profile and a unique mechanism of antiviral activity leading to long\u2010lasting immune control. Because of these features, new therapeutic trials based upon a combination of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PEG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content> and third generation <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NUC<\/jats:styled-content> such as entecavir and tenofovir, in both na\u00efve and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NUC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010exposed patients, are ongoing to further increase the rates of HBsAg seroclearance, which remains the \u2018ideal end\u2010point\u2019 in all HBeAg\u2010negative <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHB<\/jats:styled-content> subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]],"date-time":"2013-01-03T11:25:14Z","timestamp":1357212314000},"page":"157-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Why do I treat HBeAg\u2010negative chronic hepatitis B patients with pegylated interferon?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Pietro","family":"Lampertico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cA.M. e A. Migliavacca\u201d Center for the Study of Liver Disease 1st Division of Gastroenterology Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Vigan\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Division Ospedale San Giuseppe Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cA.M. e A. Migliavacca\u201d Center for the Study of Liver Disease 1st Division of Gastroenterology Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21513"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01134.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(04)80002-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200140070-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50148"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"577A","article-title":"Efficacy and impact on disease progression of IFN treatment in patients with HBeAg\u2010negative chronic hepatitis B: a long term Italian multicenter A.I.S.F. cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Oliveri F","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-37590"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-828674"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)00094-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00266-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040431"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"PiratvisuthT MarcellinP BrunettoM et\u00a0al.Sustained immune control 1\u00a0year post\u2010treatment with Peginterferon Alfa\u20102a [40KD] (PEGASYS) is durable up to 5\u00a0years post\u2010treatment and is associated with a high rate of HBsAg clearance in HBeAg\u2010negative chronic hepatitis B. 20th Conference of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) 25\u201028 March2010 Beijing China."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.089722"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25749"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25882"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1466"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2010.01332.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260634"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01449.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301430"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01696.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22744"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"On\u2010treatment decline in serum HBsAg levels predicts sustained immune control 1\u00a0year posttreatment, subsequent HBsAg clearance in HBeAg\u2010negative hepatitis B virus\u2010infected patients treated with peginterferon alfa\u20102a","volume":"4","author":"Marcellin P","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(11)60732-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","first-page":"718A","article-title":"In patients with HBeAg\u2010negative chronic hepatitis B HBsAg serum levels early during treatment with peginterferon alfa\u20102a predict HBsAg clearance 4\u00a0years post\u2010treatment","volume":"48","author":"Marcellin P","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22760"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23722"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(12)60536-4"}],"container-title":["Liver International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fliv.12064","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fliv.12064","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/liv.12064","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T16:16:14Z","timestamp":1694621774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/liv.12064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"s1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/liv.12064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.12064","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-3223","1478-3231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-3223","type":"print"},{"value":"1478-3231","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]]}}}