{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T04:26:42Z","timestamp":1746332802271},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]],"date-time":"2013-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Nottingham\/Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust Senior Clinical Research Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urinary Tract Infections (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content>s) occur more frequently in patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content>). Previous studies have compared <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content> occurrence in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content> and general population controls, however, it remains unclear if <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content> is a feature of all chronic liver diseases (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CLD<\/jats:styled-content>)s, or is specific to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content>, or if this is a cause or consequence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to determine if <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content>s are more common after a diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content> compared to general population and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CLD<\/jats:styled-content> controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cohort study was conducted using the General Practice Research Database. We selected all cases of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content> plus 10 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched general population controls, and an unmatched group with other <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CLD<\/jats:styled-content>s. We formed a Cox\u2013proportional hazard model of time to first <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content> following diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred and forty\u2010eight (24.6%) of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content> cases had a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content> event compared with 2127 (21.1%) of matched and 2131 (11.7%) of the unmatched <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CLD<\/jats:styled-content> controls. Comparing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content> with matched controls showed an approximately 30% increased risk of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content> [hazard ratio (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>) 1.33 confidence interval (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) 1.17\u20131.52]. Adjusting for diabetes, smoking and previous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content> reduced this (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.25 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.09\u20131.42). The Hazard Ratio comparing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content> with unmatched <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CLD<\/jats:styled-content> controls was 2.00 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.76\u20132.28), but this became non\u2010significant when adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, smoking and previous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.98 (0.86\u20131.12).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is increased risk of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content> patients compared to general population controls, but not compared to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CLD<\/jats:styled-content> controls suggesting that this association is not specific to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content> after diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,4]],"date-time":"2013-01-04T15:20:54Z","timestamp":1357312854000},"page":"384-388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Primary biliary cirrhosis does not increase the risk of <scp>UTI<\/scp>s following diagnosis compared to other chronic liver diseases?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Fumi K.","family":"Varyani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Lincoln County Hospital Lincoln UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Public Health University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"},{"name":"Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre Biomedical Research Unit Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy 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