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The aim of our research was the detection and evaluation of the effects of chronic treatment with a symbiotic formulation on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CCl<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2010induced rat liver fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CCl<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> significantly increased gastric permeability in respect to basal values, and the treatment with symbiotic significantly decreased it. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CCl<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic> induced a decrease in intestinal permeability. This effect was also seen in fibrotic rats treated with symbiotic and was still evident when normal rats were treated with symbiotic alone (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001 in all cases). Circulating levels of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 were significantly increased in rats with liver fibrosis as compared with normal rats, while symbiotic treatment normalized the plasma levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1 and significantly enhanced anti\u2010inflammatory cytokine <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content> 10. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>2, i<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NOS<\/jats:styled-content> and \u03b1\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMA<\/jats:styled-content> m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression in the liver were up\u2010regulated in rats with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CCl<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2010induced liver fibrosis and down\u2010regulated by symbiotic treatment. Moreover, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 and e<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NOS<\/jats:styled-content> m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels were increased in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CCL<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>symbiotic group. Symbiotic treatment of fibrotic rats normalized serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALT<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> AST<\/jats:styled-content> and improved histology and liver collagen deposition. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DGGE<\/jats:styled-content> analysis of faecal samples revealed that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CCl<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> administration and symbiotic treatment either alone or in combination produced modifications in faecal profiles vs controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results provide evidence that in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:roman>CCl<\/jats:roman><\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2010induced liver fibrosis, significant changes in gastro\u2010intestinal permeability and in faecal flora occur. Treatment with a specific symbiotic formulation significantly affects these changes, leading to improvement in both liver inflammation and fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,16]],"date-time":"2013-01-16T16:22:42Z","timestamp":1358353362000},"page":"687-697","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Symbiotic formulation in experimentally induced liver fibrosis in rats: intestinal microbiota as a key point to treat liver damage?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"D'Argenio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterologia Universit\u00e0 Federico II Napoli Italy"},{"name":"Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine CNR Napoli Italy"},{"name":"Centro Interuniversitario Ricerche su Alimenti Nutrizione e Apparato Digerente (CIRANAD) Napoli 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