{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:19:37Z","timestamp":1762521577195},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,3]],"date-time":"2013-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Network of AIDS Trials"},{"name":"Red de Investigacion en SIDA","award":["RD12\/0017\/0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD12\/0017\/0031"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria","award":["CP08\/00214 y PI10\/02166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP08\/00214 y PI10\/02166"]}]},{"name":"Fundacion Investigacion y Educacion en SIDA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Outbreaks of acute hepatitis <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive men who have sex with men (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content>) are being reported in large cities in western countries along with increasing rates of sexually transmitted diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> individuals attended at a large outclinic in Madrid within the last 5\u00a0years were examined. Incident syphilis was diagnosed based on rapid plasma reagin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RPR<\/jats:styled-content>) reactivity, being negative previously or showing &gt;4\u2010fold increase. Acute hepatitis C was diagnosed based on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> antibody seroconversion and\/or positive serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> after being negative within the last year.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 859 episodes of syphilis and 19 of acute hepatitis <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> were diagnosed during the study period. Syphilis was recognized in 65\/2,094 (3.1%) individuals attended in 2008 and rose up to 261\/2,512 (10.4%) in 2012 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Acute hepatitis C was diagnosed in only one subject in 2008 but rose up to 7 in 2012 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.12).<\/jats:p><jats:p>All 19 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> patients with acute hepatitis C were <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content>. Syphilis was diagnosed concomitantly in seven. All eight individuals who were treated with peginterferon\/ribavirin were cured, whereas only one untreated experienced spontaneous clearance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004). Two clusters of infections by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> genotypes 4 and 1a were identified by phylogenetic analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of acute hepatitis C is low but steadily increasing in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content> in Madrid (&lt;1% yearly), despite the very high rates of syphilis (currently 20% yearly in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content>). Preventive measures for sexually transmitted infections and periodic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> screening are warranted in this population as treatment of acute hepatitis C is very effective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]],"date-time":"2013-05-15T16:23:14Z","timestamp":1368634994000},"page":"1357-1362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Scaling up epidemics of acute hepatitis C and syphilis in <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u2010infected men who have sex with men in Spain"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Clara","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Hospital Carlos III Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zulema","family":"Plaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Hospital Carlos III 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