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Little is known about the influence of pregnancy on the development and progression of hepatic\u2010fibrosis. In this study, we explored the influence of pregnancy on progression of hepatic fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female mice (C57Blc) were induced by 4 injections of peritoneal carbon\u2010tetrachloride (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CC<\/jats:styled-content>l4) within 10\u00a0days, starting at day 10 of documented pregnancy. At end of experiment, serum samples were obtained for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALT<\/jats:styled-content> and estradiol determination. Harvested livers were histological evaluated for liver injury and for protein \u03b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMA<\/jats:styled-content> expressions. Isolated intra\u2010hepatic lymphocytes were assessed by flow cytometry. Isolated lymphocytes and serum samples were in\u2010 vitro co\u2010cultured for 48\u00a0h with primary isolated na\u00efve <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSC<\/jats:styled-content>s. Washed cells were analyzed for adherence (anti\u2010\u03b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMA<\/jats:styled-content>+\/anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>45\u00a0+\u00a0) and proliferations (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSFE<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>CCl4\u2010model for liver injury was well tolerated when induced in pregnancy similar to non\u2010pregnant state. Hepatic\u2010fibrosis (Masson Trichrome Stain, Sirius red stain and \u03b1SMA expressions) and necro\u2010inflammation (H&amp;E stain and serum ALT levels) significantly increased in pregnancy. Increased liver injury was accompanied with pro\u2010fibrotic lymphocyte profile; CD8 subsets increased and NK cells decreased. HSCs activation significantly increased when in\u2010vitro cultured with lymphocytes from pregnant as compared to non\u2010pregnant fibrotic ones. Pro\u2010fibrotic profile was also explained by decreased NK activity (CD107a marker) and of their phagocytosis. Serum estradiol levels although elevated in fibrosis conditions of pregnancy was not associated with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pHSC<\/jats:styled-content>s activations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Liver fibrosis in our murine model was severe in pregnant model; via pro\u2010fibrotic lymphocyte and serum alterations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]],"date-time":"2013-11-05T20:43:41Z","timestamp":1383684221000},"page":"1232-1240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The pro\u2010fibrotic effects of pregnancy in a carbon\u2010tetrachloride\u2010induced liver injury in mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Johnny","family":"Amer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liver and Gastroenterology Units Division of Medicine Hadassah\u2010Hebrew University Medical Center Jerusalem 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Hadassah\u2010Hebrew University Medical Center Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Areej","family":"El\u2010Khatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Bethlehem University Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rifaat","family":"Safadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liver and Gastroenterology Units Division of Medicine Hadassah\u2010Hebrew University Medical Center Jerusalem 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