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The hepatorenal syndrome (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) denotes a functional and potential reversible impairment of renal function. Type 1\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , a special type of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AKI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , is a rapidly progressive AKI, whereas the renal function in type 2\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    decreases more slowly.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    is precipitated by factors such as sepsis that aggravate the effective hypovolaemia in decompensated cirrhosis, by lowering arterial pressure and cardiac output and enhanced sympathetic nervous activity. Therefore, attempts to prevent and treat\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    should seek to improve liver function and to ameliorate arterial hypotension, central hypovolaemia and cardiac output, and to reduce renal vasoconstriction. Ample treatment of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    is important to prevent further progression and death, but as medical treatment only modestly improves long\u2010term survival, these patients should always be considered for liver transplantation. Hyponatraemia, defined as serum sodium &lt;130\u00a0mmol\/L, is common in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. From a pathophysiological point of view, hyponatraemia is related to an impairment of renal solute\u2010free water excretion most likely caused by an increased vasopressin secretion. Patients with cirrhosis mainly develop hypervolaemic hyponatraemia. Current evidence does not support routine use of vaptans in the management of hyponatraemia in cirrhosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,26]],"date-time":"2014-03-26T07:54:17Z","timestamp":1395820457000},"page":"1153-1163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Kidney injury in cirrhosis: pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of hepatorenal syndromes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology 239 Center of Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research Hvidovre Hospital University of Copenhagen Hvidovre Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Krag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Gastroenterology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flemming","family":"Bendtsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastro Unit Medical Division 360 Faculty of Health Sciences Hvidovre Hospital University of Copenhagen Hvidovre Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12137"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.112177"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht246"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22605"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301255"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.08.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25735"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0809139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"1310","article-title":"Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. 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