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To evaluate the effect of probiotic\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      #3 on bacterial translocation, intestinal microbiota, gut barrier and inflammatory response in rats with experimental cirrhosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty\u2010six Sprague\u2010Dawley rats with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      l\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010induced cirrhosis were randomized into two groups:\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      #3 group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a022) that received\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      #3 in drinking water, and water group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a024) that received water only. Treatment began at week 6 of cirrhosis induction and continued until laparotomy, performed 1\u00a0week after development of ascites or at week 20. A control group included 11 healthy rats. At this study end, we evaluated bacterial translocation, intestinal flora, intestinal barrier (ileal claudin\u20102 and 4, \u03b2\u2010defensin\u20101, occludin and malondialdehyde as index of oxidative damage) and serum cytokines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mortality during this study was similar in the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      #3 group (10\/22, 45%) and the water group (10\/24, 42%) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01). The incidence of bacterial translocation was 1\/12 (8%) in the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      #3 group, 7\/14 (50%) in the water group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.03 vs.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      #3 group) and 0\/11 in the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.008 vs. water group). The concentration of ileal and caecal enterobacteria and enterococci was similar in the two groups of cirrhotic rats. The ileal occludin concentration was higher and ileal malondialdehyde and serum levels of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\u03b1 were lower in the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      #3 group than in the water group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VSL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      #3 decreases bacterial translocation, the pro\u2010inflammatory state and ileal oxidative damage and increases ileal occludin expression in rats with experimental cirrhosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n           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