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The major advantages of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NA<\/jats:styled-content>s are good tolerance and potent antiviral activity associated with high rates of on\u2010treatment response to therapy. The advantages of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PEG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content> include a finite course of treatment, the absence of drug resistance, and an opportunity to obtain a durable post\u2010treatment response to therapy. The use of these two antiviral agents with different mechanisms of action in combination is theoretically an attractive approach for treatment, either simultaneously, as sequential combination therapy (add\u2010on), or even as an immediate switch from one agent to the other. Different <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NA<\/jats:styled-content>s have also been combined in certain clinical situations. At present, several studies have confirmed certain virological advantages to combination therapies, but pivotal prospective studies demonstrating long\u2010term clinical benefit to patients are still missing. Therefore, combination treatment, especially with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PEG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content> plus <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NA<\/jats:styled-content>s, is not indicated and was not recommended by the European Association for the Study of the Liver Clinical Practice Guidelines written in 2012, while the guidelines for the use of combination <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NA<\/jats:styled-content>s is limited to very few clinical situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,22]],"date-time":"2014-12-22T10:26:34Z","timestamp":1419243994000},"page":"114-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Optimal therapy for chronic hepatitis B: hepatitis B virus combination 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