{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:58:58Z","timestamp":1790398738749,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,4]],"date-time":"2016-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>) infection lacking the serum hepatitis B e antigen (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>eAg) and with antibodies against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>eAg (anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>e), are the prevalent subgroup of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content> carriers worldwide. The prognosis of these patients is different from inactive carriers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content>s), who are characterized by persistently normal serum alanine aminotransferase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALT<\/jats:styled-content>) and low (&lt;2000\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IU<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ml<\/jats:styled-content>) serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV DNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels, a serological profile that may also be intermittently observed in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>eAg\u2010negative chronic hepatitis. This is why a confirmed diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content> requires quarterly <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALT<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV DNA<\/jats:styled-content> measurements for at least 1\u00a0year, while a single\u2010point detection of combined <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg &lt;1000\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IU<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ml<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV DNA<\/jats:styled-content> &lt;2000\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IU<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ml<\/jats:styled-content> has a robust predictive value for the diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content>. Characteristically, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content>s have minimal or no histological lesions of the liver corresponding to liver stiffness values on Fibroscan of &lt;5\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">kP<\/jats:styled-content>a. Antiviral treatment is not indicated in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content>s since the prognosis for the progression of liver disease is favourable if there are no cofactors of liver damage such as alcohol abuse, excess weight or co\u2010infection with the hepatitis C virus or delta virus. Moreover, spontaneous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg loss frequently occurs (1\u20131.9% per year) in these patients while the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content>) is rare, at least in Caucasian patients. However, an emerging issue reinforcing the need for clinical surveillance of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content>s is the risk of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content> reactivation in patients who undergo immunosuppressive therapy without receiving appropriate antiviral prophylaxis. After diagnosis, management of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content>s includes monitoring of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALT<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV DNA<\/jats:styled-content> every 12\u00a0months with periodic measurement of serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg levels to identify viral clearance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,4]],"date-time":"2016-01-04T09:23:32Z","timestamp":1451899412000},"page":"100-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["The prognosis and management of inactive HBV carriers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Invernizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2018A. M. and A. 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