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Bile duct damage leads to cholestasis and can progress to liver fibrosis and even cirrhosis. Various genetic, environmental and endogenous factors may contribute to the development of chronic cholestatic liver diseases, but the exact pathogenesis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PSC<\/jats:styled-content> has not been clarified. Ursodeoxycholic acid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UDCA<\/jats:styled-content>) is the standard treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content> and is used also for other cholestatic conditions including <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PSC<\/jats:styled-content>, and it exerts anticholestatic effects at adequate doses. Novel anticholestatic therapeutic options for patients not adequately responding to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UDCA<\/jats:styled-content> are under development or have, like obeticholic acid, already been proven to have efficacy when combined with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UDCA<\/jats:styled-content> in the treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content>. The future role of immunomodulating\/immunosuppressive drug regimens must be critically reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,13]],"date-time":"2017-01-13T04:15:37Z","timestamp":1484280937000},"page":"123-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Management of cholestatic disease in 2017"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Elsemieke","family":"de Vries","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Beuers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979469"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0439-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280601"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23810"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24691"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70564-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25691"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26565"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2005.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i41.5421"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2011.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(94)00073-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80208-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0521"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00092-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1325"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M107098200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00205.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(92)91146-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.4.1601","article-title":"Ligand\u2010independent activation of the glucocorticoid receptor by ursodeoxycholic acid. 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