{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T20:37:56Z","timestamp":1793738276667,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]],"date-time":"2017-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220622\/H10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220622\/H10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background &amp; Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis D virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDV<\/jats:styled-content>) infection is associated with a more severe outcome in patients with chronic hepatitis B (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHB<\/jats:styled-content>); however, little is known about the presence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDV<\/jats:styled-content> in sub\u2010Saharan Africa. We aimed to determine the prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, as well as its clinical, biological and virological characteristics, in a large <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHB<\/jats:styled-content> cohort in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 1267 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHB<\/jats:styled-content> patients at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College in Addis Ababa were screened for anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDV<\/jats:styled-content> antibodies using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> assays. Confirmed positive samples were further tested for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDV RNA<\/jats:styled-content> using a consensus commercial real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> assay. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDV<\/jats:styled-content> genotypes were also determined for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive samples by nucleotide sequencing followed by phylogenetic analyses. Demographical, clinical and biological data from patients were recorded and compared based on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDV RNA<\/jats:styled-content> results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most patients (n\u00a0=\u00a0748, 59.0%) were men, and the median age was 31\u00a0years (interquartile range 26\u201040). Anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDV<\/jats:styled-content> antibodies were detected in 19 individuals (1.5%), 12 of whom were <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDV RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive with a viral load ranging from &lt;2 to &gt;8 log 10 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IU<\/jats:styled-content>\/mL. All strains were genotype 1. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDV RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive patients were more likely to have significant liver fibrosis (63.6% vs 24.7%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.007) and cirrhosis (45.5% vs 16.4%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.024).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDV<\/jats:styled-content> infection is rare in Ethiopia but is associated with more advanced liver fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,5]],"date-time":"2017-10-05T00:56:36Z","timestamp":1507164996000},"page":"1000-1009","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Hepatitis delta virus infection in a large cohort of chronic hepatitis B patients in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Aberra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Gordien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des H\u00e9patites B, C et Delta H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Paris\u2010 Seine\u2010Saint\u2010Denis  Paris Bobigny France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailemichael","family":"Desalegn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nega","family":"Berhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology Addis Ababa University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"},{"name":"Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases Oslo University Hospital, Ullev\u00e5l  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girmay","family":"Medhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology Addis Ababa University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bitsatab","family":"Mekasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svein G.","family":"Gundersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit S\u00f8rlandet Hospital HF  Kristiansand Norway"},{"name":"Department of Global Development and Planning University of Agder  Kristiansand Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athena\u00efs","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des H\u00e9patites B, C et Delta H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Paris\u2010 Seine\u2010Saint\u2010Denis  Paris Bobigny France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrine","family":"Stene\u2010Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joakim","family":"\u00d8verb\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vaccine Preventable Diseases Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5966-7166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asgeir","family":"Johannessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Imported and Tropical Diseases Oslo University Hospital, Ullev\u00e5l  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.Guidelines for the prevention care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection.Geneva:World Health Organization;2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00074-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.04.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-013-0365-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02297-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"WHO.Ethiopia. Factsheets of health statistics. Regional office for Africa: WHO;2016.http:\/\/www.aho.afro.who.int\/profiles_information\/images\/d\/d5\/Ethiopia-Statistical_Factsheet.pdf. Accessed April 5 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2090-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00144749"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2549-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-11-2709"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.5.2537-2544.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02027-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1209.060112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044930"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"Schiff's Diseases of the Liver","author":"Schiff E","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.9.1873-1876.1991","article-title":"Evaluation of commercial enzyme immunoassays for detection of hepatitis delta antigen and anti\u2010hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and immunoglobulin M anti\u2010HDV antibodies","volume":"29","author":"Shattock AG","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-420"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01673.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.5.931"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.01.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.011239-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-011-1212-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.12.3023-3030.1996","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis D viruses indicating a new genotype I subgroup among African isolates","volume":"34","author":"Zhang YY","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174453"}],"container-title":["Liver International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fliv.13607","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/liv.13607","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T15:45:15Z","timestamp":1695483915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/liv.13607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/liv.13607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.13607","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-3223","1478-3231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-3223","type":"print"},{"value":"1478-3231","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]]}}}