{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:09:26Z","timestamp":1791288566996,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]],"date-time":"2018-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>The treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB<\/jats:styled-content>) patients is based on monotherapy with pegylated\u2010interferon (Peg\u2010IFN<\/jats:styled-content>) or with one of the three most potent nucleot(s)ide analogues (NUC<\/jats:styled-content>s) with the best resistance profiles, i.e. entecavir (ETV<\/jats:styled-content>), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF<\/jats:styled-content>) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF<\/jats:styled-content>). Long\u2010term NUC<\/jats:styled-content>s treatment can achieve virological suppression in almost all patients. However, this requires lifelong therapy, is costly and the rate of hepatitis B surface antigen (HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg) seroclearance is low. A one\u2010year course of Peg\u2010IFN<\/jats:styled-content> has the advantage of providing immune\u2010mediated control of the hepatitis B virus (HBV<\/jats:styled-content>) infection, the possibility of achieving a sustained off\u2010treatment response in nearly 30% of the patients and ultimately, HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg loss in approximately 30%\u201050% of the latter patients during long\u2010term off treatment follow\u2010up. However, the major limitations to the extensive use of this treatment are the need for parenteral therapy and clinical and laboratory monitoring, the side\u2010effects profile and contraindications in certain patients and the limited effectiveness in a large proportion of patients. Nevertheless, the cost\u2010effectiveness of Peg\u2010IFN<\/jats:styled-content> can be significantly increased by careful patient selection based upon baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT<\/jats:styled-content>), HBV DNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels, viral genotype, host genetic variants and especially by applying early on\u2010treatment stopping rules based upon HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg kinetics. Recently, because of the different mechanisms of action of Peg\u2010IFN<\/jats:styled-content> and NUC<\/jats:styled-content>s, the strategy of \u201cadding\u2010on\u201d or \u201cswitching to\u201d Peg\u2010IFN<\/jats:styled-content> in patients being treated with NUC<\/jats:styled-content>s to accelerate the decline in HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg and enhance HB<\/jats:styled-content>sAg seroclearance rates, has provided interesting results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]],"date-time":"2018-02-10T12:00:22Z","timestamp":1518264022000},"page":"79-83","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Treatment of hepatitis B: Is there still a role for interferon?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Mauro","family":"Vigan\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Division Ospedale San Giuseppe Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenda","family":"Grossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRC \u201cA.M. e A. Migliavacca\u201d Center for the Study of Liver Disease Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Loglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRC \u201cA.M. e A. Migliavacca\u201d Center for the Study of Liver Disease Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1026-7476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Lampertico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRC \u201cA.M. e A. Migliavacca\u201d Center for the Study of Liver Disease Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043470"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17701-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040431"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-007-9022-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"PiratvisuthT MarcellinP BrunettoM et\u00a0al.Sustained immune control 1\u00a0year 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