{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:07:27Z","timestamp":1787771247483,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]],"date-time":"2019-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004588","name":"Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-76"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-76"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004588","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM11715C7D005D19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM11715C7D005D19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background &amp; Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV)\u2010related mixed cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis (MCV) is characterized by the expansion of rheumatoid factor\u2010producing B\u2010cell clones. The aim of this study was to assess whether B\u2010cell clones may persist in these patients after the clearance of the virus with antiviral therapy, and whether their persistence influences clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010five HCV\u2010cured MCV patients were followed up for a median of 18.5 (range 9\u201038) months after the clearance of HCV. Circulating B\u2010cell clones were detected using flow cytometry either by the skewing of kappa\/lambda ratio or by the expression of a V<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>1\u201069\u2010encoded idiotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical response of vasculitis was 78% complete, 18% partial and 4% null. However, cryoglobulins remained detectable in 42% of patients for more than 12\u00a0months. Circulating B\u2010cell clones were detected in 18 of 45 patients, and in 17 of them persisted through the follow\u2010up; nine of the latter patients cleared cryoglobulins and had complete response of vasculitis. Several months later, two of these patients had relapse of MCV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>B\u2010cell clones persist in MCV patients long after HCV infection has been cleared but halt the production of pathogenic antibody. These \u2018dormant\u2019 cells may be reactivated by events that perturb B\u2010cell homeostasis and can give rise to the relapse of cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T03:21:30Z","timestamp":1548732090000},"page":"628-632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Long\u2010lasting persistence of large B\u2010cell clones in hepatitis C virus\u2010cured patients with complete response of mixed cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4053-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Visentini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology Department of Translational and Precision Medicine Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory affiliated 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Aura","family":"Minaf\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology Department of Translational and Precision Medicine Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Antonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology Department of Translational and Precision Medicine Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Carnovale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology Department of Translational and Precision Medicine Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7338-9203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Translational and Precision Medicine Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Pulsoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe Maria","family":"De Sanctis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6800-9149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Gragnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis Viruses (MaSVE) University of Florence Florence 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