{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:55:11Z","timestamp":1793382911679,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between bisphenol A (BPA) and non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is undefined. We studied the impact of BPA on NAFLD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a cross\u2010sectional analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005\u20102014 among adults in the United States (US). NAFLD was diagnosed using the hepatic steatosis index (HSI) and the US fatty liver index (USFLI) in the absence of other causes of chronic liver diseases. The first sample using HSI consisted of 7605 adults. The second sample using USFLI consisted of 3631 participants with availability of fasting data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the first 7605 participants (mean age 47\u00a0years, 48.4% male), the prevalence of NAFLD and abnormally elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels was correlated with urinary BPA levels (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Compared to the reference group with lowest quartile of urinary BPA levels, those with the third and fourth quartiles were 81% and 53% more likely to develop NAFLD defined by HSI. In a multivariate model, the ORs for NAFLD in the third and fourth quartiles were 1.69 (95% CI 1.39\u20102.04) and 1.44 (95% CI 1.19\u20101.76) respectively (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      for trend &lt;0.001). In the second sample using USFLI, high BPA levels (fourth quartile) remained an independent predictor of NAFLD (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.05\u20101.98,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      for trend\u00a0=\u00a00.012).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High levels of urinary BPA were associated with NAFLD in a nationally representative sample of adults in the US. The pathophysiology remains unclear and warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T07:51:12Z","timestamp":1553845872000},"page":"1335-1342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Elevated urinary bisphenol A levels are associated with non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease among adults in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1919-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Santa Clara Valley Medical Center San Jose CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1295-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Cholankeril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean P.","family":"Tighe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3609-8586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aijaz","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2013.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.11.1303"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"551","article-title":"Environmental non\u2010persistent endocrine\u2010disrupting chemicals exposure and reproductive hormones levels in adult men","volume":"31","author":"Dziewirska E","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b00824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.069153"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008673"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-6-201109200-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1384"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00743-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Health CE.Laboratory Manual Procedure.https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/2011-2012\/labmethods\/eph_g_met.pdf. Accessed September 1 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2009.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30226"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FM0070034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24685"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8451"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00056-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050659"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11537"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5494"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2011.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14499"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0356-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/2012.jama.11461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14967"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002701"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","unstructured":"CalafatA.Laboratory procedure manual: Benzophenone\u20103 bisphenol a 2 4\u2010dichlorophenol 2 5\u2010dichlorophenol methyl\u2010 ethyl\u2010 propyl\u2010 and butyl parabens triclosan [internet]. Centers for Disease Control Environmental health.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/nhanes_11_12\/EPH_G_met.pdf. Accessed January 30 2019."}],"container-title":["Liver International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/liv.14110","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/liv.14110","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/liv.14110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T10:39:39Z","timestamp":1694255979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/liv.14110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/liv.14110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.14110","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-3223","1478-3231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-3223","type":"print"},{"value":"1478-3231","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-12-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-03-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}