{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:43:33Z","timestamp":1790786613154,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,22]],"date-time":"2019-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>As previous reports show an association of chronic hepatitis C (HCV) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and non\u2010liver cancers, we examine the association of HCV with liver cancer and non\u2010liver cancers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cross\u2010sectional study at Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) evaluating HCV and non\u2010HCV patients from 1 January 2008 to 12 December 2012. Cancer diagnoses were obtained from the KPSC\u2010SEER\u2010affiliated registry. Logistic regression analyses were used for rate ratios and time\u2010to\u2010event analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, gender, race, smoking and cirrhosis. Cancer rate ratios were stratified by tobacco, alcohol abuse, diabetes and body mass index (BMI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The initial population and final population of multivariable analysis were N\u00a0=\u00a05\u00a0332\u00a0903 and N\u00a0=\u00a02\u00a0080\u00a0335 respectively. Cancer burden (all sites) was significantly higher in HCV than in non\u2010HCV patients and HCV patients had a high rate of liver cancer. When liver cancer was excluded, cancer rates remained significantly increased in HCV. Unadjusted cancer rates were significantly higher in HCV compared to non\u2010HCV for oesophageal, stomach, colorectal, pancreas, myeloma, non\u2010Hodgkin's lymphoma, head\/neck, lung, renal and prostate cancer. After stratification for alcohol abuse, tobacco, diabetes and BMI, increased cancer rates remained significant for all cancer sites, liver cancer and non\u2010Hodgkin's lymphoma. Multivariable analyses demonstrated a strong correlation between cirrhosis and cancer. Tobacco use and diabetes were also associated with cancer. In the absence of cirrhosis, HCV, tobacco use and diabetes significantly increased the cancer risk. Mediation analyses showed that cirrhosis was responsible for a large proportion on the effect of HCV on cancer risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study supports the concept of HCV as a systemic illness and treating HCV regardless of disease severity and prior to progression to cirrhosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T06:30:58Z","timestamp":1574404258000},"page":"685-693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Increased cancer rates in patients with chronic hepatitis C"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5869-9924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders H.","family":"Nyberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Research Kaiser Permanente Southern California San Diego CA 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