{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:26:02Z","timestamp":1790691962186,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Around 15\u201020 million people develop chronic hepatitis delta virus worldwide. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus requiring the presence of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) to complete its life cycle. HDV infects hepatocytes using the hepatitis B virus (HBV) receptor, the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). The HDV genome is a circular single\u2010stranded RNA which encodes for a single hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) that exists in two forms (S\u2010HDAg and L\u2010HDAg), and its replication is mediated by the host RNA polymerases. The HBsAg\u2010coated HDV virions contain a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) formed by the RNA genome packaged with small and large HDAg. Farnesylation of the L\u2010HDAg is the limiting step for anchoring this RNP to HBsAg, and thus for assembling, secreting and propagating virion particles. There is an important risk of morbidity and mortality caused by end\u2010stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma with HDV and current treatment is pegylated\u2010interferon (PEG\u2010IFN) for 48\u00a0weeks with no other options in patients who fail treatment. The ideal goal for HDV treatment is the clearance of HBsAg, but a reasonably achievable goal is a sustained HDV virological response (negative HDV RNA 6\u00a0months after stopping treatment). New drug development must take into account the interaction of HBV and HDV. In this review, we will present the new insights in the HDV life cycle that have led to the development of novel classes of drugs and discuss antiviral approaches in phase II and III of development: bulevirtide (entry inhibitor), lonafarnib, (prenylation inhibitor) and REP 2139 (HBsAg release inhibitor).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T10:06:36Z","timestamp":1582193196000},"page":"54-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Future treatments for hepatitis delta virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0024-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarik","family":"Asselah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9 Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Hepatology AP\u2010HP H\u00f4pital Beaujon Clichy France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9 Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Hepatology AP\u2010HP H\u00f4pital Beaujon Clichy France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issam","family":"Tout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9 Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Hepatology AP\u2010HP H\u00f4pital Beaujon Clichy France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Castelnau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9 Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Hepatology AP\u2010HP H\u00f4pital Beaujon Clichy France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9 Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Hepatology AP\u2010HP H\u00f4pital Beaujon Clichy France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8950-0287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Marcellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9 Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Hepatology AP\u2010HP H\u00f4pital Beaujon Clichy France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdellah","family":"Mansouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9 Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Hepatology AP\u2010HP H\u00f4pital Beaujon Clichy France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.18.12.997"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.12.7659-7662.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02277-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058340"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00049"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"WedemeyerH SchneweisK BogomolovPO et al.Interim results of a multicenter open\u2010label phase 2 clinical trial (MYR203) to assess safety and efficacy of Myrcludex B in combination with PEG\u2010IFN\u03b1in patients with chronic HBV\/HDV co\u2010infection. 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