{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:28:39Z","timestamp":1785306519486,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autoimmune liver diseases (AILD), namely autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), are rare diseases. These days, patients with PBC almost never require liver transplantation. When treated early with ursodeoxycholic acid patients have a normal life expectancy if the disease is diagnosed at an early stage and the patients respond to treatment. Patients with AIH often go into remission with first\u2010line therapy including corticosteroids alone or in combination with azathioprine. Nevertheless, about one quarter of patients already developed cirrhosis at diagnosis. Those who do not respond to first line standard of care (SOC) have significant liver\u2010related morbidity and mortality. No approved second\u2010 or third\u2010line treatments are available and the drugs are selected based on limited case series and personal experience. Larger trials are needed to develop efficient therapies for difficult\u2010to\u2010treat AIH patients. No treatment has been found to alter the natural course of disease in patients with PSC except for liver transplantation. Identifying PSC patients at risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is another unmet need. Current research in all AILD including AIH, PBC and PSC, focuses on improving our understanding of the underlying disease process and identifying new therapeutic targets to decrease morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T10:06:36Z","timestamp":1582193196000},"page":"149-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The future of autoimmune liver diseases \u2013 Understanding pathogenesis and improving morbidity and mortality"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0972-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bastian","family":"Engel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN 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