{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:45:11Z","timestamp":1756190711504,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background &amp; Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been reported to be associated with cholangitis and might possibly be carcinogenic. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the association of PPIs with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Thus, a hospital\u2010based case\u2010control study was carried out in China to explore the association between PPIs and CCA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, 1468 CCA cases (826 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and 642 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC)) were included, which were observed at Beijing Friendship Hospital, from February 2002 to October 2018. We retrospectively extracted PPI use and other possible risk factors from clinical records, followed by an investigation of the relationship with CCA via calculation of odds ratios (ORs), adjusted odds ratios (AORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PPIs were used by 135 (9.2%) CCA cases and 173 (5.9%) controls. We found that PPI use was associated with a 1.61\u2010fold elevated CCA odds (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001) (AOR\u00a0=\u00a01.61, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.28\u20102.05; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). After stratification by CCA subtypes, the AORs of PPIs were consistent for both CCA subtypes, with ORs of 1.36 (AOR\u00a0=\u00a01.36, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.02\u20101.83; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.003) and 1.95 (AOR\u00a0=\u00a01.95, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.46\u20102.62; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001) for ICC and ECC respectively. Our results also showed that PPI use was slightly linked to the odds of CCA in a dose\u2010dependent manner.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>PPI use was correlated with a significant 61% increased odds of CCA, particularly in the ECC. However, the retrospective design and observational nature cannot establish causation. Larger scale, multi\u2010centre prospective studies are required for further validation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T03:12:30Z","timestamp":1603941150000},"page":"2848-2857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Proton pump inhibitors and odds of cholangiocarcinoma: A retrospective case\u2010control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6593-6377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianping","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology The First 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