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The clinical implications of OBI are still debated. While the impact of OBI in HBV transmission as well as in HBV reactivation under immunosuppression are well established, the role of OBI in liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development are still not definitively elucidated. It has been hypothesized that OBI might contribute to worsening the liver disease course when other causes of liver damage co\u2010exist. Furthermore, much evidence suggests a role of OBI in the hepato\u2010carcinogenesis processes through both indirect and direct oncogenic mechanisms that might favour HCC development. Data on the OBI clinical implications mainly come from studies performed in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, HCV prevalence has dramatically fallen in the past years also because of the advent of specific and highly effective direct acting antivirals, with a consequent abrupt change of the worldwide scenario of chronic liver disease. Information about OBI prevalence and possible clinical impact in non\u2010HCV\u2010related liver disease are fragmentary, and the objective of this review is to critically summarize the available data in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T03:43:55Z","timestamp":1646451835000},"page":"963-972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Occult hepatitis B virus infection in hepatitis C virus negative chronic liver diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9815-5275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Stella","family":"Franz\u00e8","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Messina University  Messina Italy"},{"name":"Division of Medicine and Hepatology Messina University Hospital  Messina 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