{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T21:09:26Z","timestamp":1782940166089,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK090066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK090066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Susceptibility to fatty liver disease (FLD) varies among individuals and between racial\/ethnic groups. Several genetic variants influence FLD risk, but whether these variants explain racial\/ethnic differences in FLD prevalence is unclear. We examined the contribution of genetic risk factors to racial\/ethnic\u2010specific differences in FLD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A case\u2013control study comparing FLD patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01194) and population\u2010based controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03120) was performed. Patient characteristics, FLD risk variants (<jats:italic>PNPLA3\u2010<\/jats:italic>rs738409\u2009+\u2009rs6006460, <jats:italic>TM6SF2\u2010<\/jats:italic>rs58542926, <jats:italic>HSD17B13\u2010<\/jats:italic>rs80182459\u2009+\u2009rs72613567, <jats:italic>MBOAT7<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>TMC4\u2010<\/jats:italic>rs641738, and <jats:italic>GCKR\u2010<\/jats:italic>rs1260326) and a multi\u2010locus genetic risk score (GRS) were examined. The odds of FLD for individuals with different risk factor burdens were determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hispanics and Whites were over\u2010represented (56% vs. 38% and 36% vs. 29% respectively) and Blacks under\u2010represented (5% vs. 23%) among FLD patients, compared to the population from which controls were selected (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Among cases and controls, Blacks had a lower and Hispanics a greater, net number of risk alleles than Whites (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). GRS was associated with increased odds of FLD (OR<jats:sub>Q5vsQ1<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a08.72 [95% CI\u00a0=\u00a05.97\u201313.0], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09.8\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u221228<\/jats:sup>), with the association being stronger in Hispanics (OR<jats:sub>Q5vsQ1<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a014.8 [8.3\u201327.1]) than Blacks (OR<jats:sub>Q5vsQ1<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a03.7 [1.5\u201311.5], P\u2010interaction\u00a0=\u00a00.002). After accounting for GRS, the odds of FLD between Hispanics and Whites did not differ significantly (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.06 [0.87\u20131.28], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.58), whereas Blacks retained much lower odds of FLD (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.21, [0.15\u20130.30], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blacks had a lower and Hispanics a greater FLD risk allele burden than Whites. These differences contributed to, but did not fully explain, racial\/ethnic differences in FLD prevalence. Identification of additional factors protecting Blacks from FLD may provide new targets for prevention and treatment of FLD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T07:27:43Z","timestamp":1653636463000},"page":"2227-2236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Contribution of a genetic risk score to ethnic differences in fatty liver disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Maddie J.","family":"Kubiliun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Human Nutrition University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"},{"name":"The Eugene McDermott Center of Human Growth and Development University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen H.","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eugene McDermott Center of Human Growth and Development University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7720-2290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Kozlitina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Eugene McDermott Center of Human Growth and Development University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Population and Data Sciences University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318813"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3417"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2901"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001324"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddab096"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1712191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1804027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20466"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04059.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05795.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12660"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.02.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00064.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"BureauUSC.American Community Survey \u2010 Demographic and Housing Estimates. 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