{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:15:41Z","timestamp":1787015741214,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background &amp; aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the humoral and T\u2010cell response to the third COVID\u201019 vaccination in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibody titers were prospectively determined in 81 AIH patients and 53 healthy age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched controls &gt;7\u2009days (median 35) after the first COVID\u201019 booster vaccination. The spike\u2010specific T\u2010cell response was assessed using an activation\u2010induced marker assay (AIM) in a subset of patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Median antibody levels were significantly lower in AIH compared to controls (10\u00a0908 vs. 25\u2009000\u00a0AU\/ml,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u2009.001), especially in AIH patients treated with MMF (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u200914, 4542\u2009AU\/ml,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009.004) or steroids (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u200927, 7326\u2009AU\/ml,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009.020). Also, 48% of AIH patients had antibody titers below the 10% percentile of the healthy controls (9194\u2009AU\/ml,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u2009.001). AIH patients had a high risk of failing to develop a spike\u2010specific T\u2010cell response (15\/34 (44%) vs. 2\/16 (12%),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009.05) and showed overall lower frequencies of spike\u2010specific CD4\u2009+\u2009T cells (median: 0.074% vs 0.283;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009.01) after the booster vaccination compared to healthy individuals. In 34\/81 patients, antibody titers before and after booster vaccination were available. In this subgroup, all patients but especially those without detectable\/low antibodies titers (&lt;100\u2009AU\/ml) after the second vaccination (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u200911\/34) showed a strong, 148\u2010fold increase.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A third COVID\u201019 vaccination efficiently boosts antibody levels and T\u2010cell responses in AIH patients and even seroconversion in patients with the absent immune response after two vaccinations, but to a lower level compared to controls. Therefore, we suggest routinely assessing antibody levels in AIH patients and offering additional booster vaccinations to those with suboptimal responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T21:28:30Z","timestamp":1657920510000},"page":"393-400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Analysis of the humoral and cellular response after\n                    <i>the third<\/i>\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 vaccination in patients with autoimmune hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Hartl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE\u2010LIVER)  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darius Ferenc","family":"R\u00fcther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE\u2010LIVER)  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Maria","family":"Duengelhoef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Theo","family":"Brehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg\u2010L\u00fcbeck\u2010Borstel\u2010Riems  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silja","family":"Steinmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE\u2010LIVER)  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Philipp","family":"Weltzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE\u2010LIVER)  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE\u2010LIVER)  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Sterneck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5163-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcial","family":"Sebode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE\u2010LIVER)  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Weiler\u2010Normann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE\u2010LIVER)  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"L\u00fctgehetmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg\u2010L\u00fcbeck\u2010Borstel\u2010Riems  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases Bernhard\u2010Nocht\u2010Institute for Tropical Medicine  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Golda Melina","family":"Schaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg\u2010L\u00fcbeck\u2010Borstel\u2010Riems  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Haag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Schramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. 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