{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:44:52Z","timestamp":1778777092772,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81803601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81803601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antibiotics (ATBx) and acetaminophen (APAP) are widely used worldwide. APAP is the most common cause of acute liver injury (ALI) and might be used in combination with ATBx in clinics. However, the impact of ATBx on APAP\u2010induced ALI has rarely been studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, we compared the effects of seven ATBx on APAP\u2010induced ALI. Then, we analysed faecal, serum and liver samples to investigate the impact of the gut microbiota on this process. Finally, we assessed the role of short\u2010chain fatty acids in this process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this work, we found that the ALI was significantly aggravated in the mice treated with ampicillin (Amp) instead of other ATBx. Amp exposure reduced the diversity and altered the composition of gut microbiota. The altered gut microbiota aggravated APAP\u2010induced ALF, which was proven by faecal microbiota transplantation from ATBx\u2010treated mice. Metagenomic analysis showed a significantly decreased <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> abundance in Amp\u2010treated mice. Gavage with <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>, especially <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>, significantly reversed the severer ALF induced by APAP and Amp. Moreover, <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> supplementation increased butyrate\u2010producing clostridia and lowered butyrate levels in Amp\u2010treated mice. In accordance, butyrate supplementation could also alleviate Amp\u2010aggravated ALI. In addition, inhibition of nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2013related factor 2 counteracted the protective effect of butyrate on aggravated ALI induced by Amp and APAP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Together, this study revealed a potential health impact of Amp that may exacerbate liver damage when co\u2010exposed to excess APAP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T05:55:35Z","timestamp":1673416535000},"page":"865-877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Ampicillin exacerbates acetaminophen\u2010induced acute liver injury by inducing intestinal microbiota imbalance and butyrate reduction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Zhan\u2010Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Gut 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