{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:23:30Z","timestamp":1784701410159,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational studies have indicated that the incidence of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is higher in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients than that in healthy people. However, whether the correlation is causal remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The genetic associations with IBD were obtained from publicly available genome\u2010wide association studies (GWAS) of European ancestry with 31\u2009665 cases and 33\u2009977 controls, consisting of 17\u2009897 Crohn's disease (CD) and 13\u2009768 ulcerative colitis (UC) cases. The genetic associations with PBC were obtained from a European GWAS with 2764 cases and 10\u2009475 controls. A bidirectional two\u2010sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design was implemented to determine the causal relationship between IBD and PBC. In the forward MR, the IBD was treated as the exposure while the PBC was the exposure in the reverse MR. The inverse\u2010variance\u2010weighted (IVW) method was utilized as the main statistic method, and a series of sensitivity analyses were performed to detect heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 99 valid instrumental variables (IVs) were selected for IBD and the number of IVs for PBC was 18. The forward MR analysis indicated that genetically predicted IBD (UC and CD) was significantly associated with an increased risk of PBC (IVW OR\u2009=\u20091.343; 95% CI: 1.220\u20131.466). Similar casual associations were observed in UC (IVW OR\u2009=\u20091.244; 95% CI: 1.057\u20131.430) and CD (IVW OR\u2009=\u20091.269; 95% CI: 1.159\u20131.379). Such results were still consistent in multiple MR methods. The reverse MR analysis implicated that genetic susceptibility to PBC might not alter the risk of IBD (IVW OR\u2009=\u20091.070; 95% CI: 0.984\u20131.164).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study found that genetically predicted IBD can increase the risk of PBC while not vice versa in the European population, which may enlighten the aetiology of PBC, together with the IBD patient management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T16:52:55Z","timestamp":1686156775000},"page":"1741-1748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The causal effects of inflammatory bowel disease on primary biliary cholangitis: A bidirectional two\u2010sample Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Hongchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, General Surgery Center First Hospital of Jilin University  Jilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanlan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, General Surgery Center First Hospital of Jilin University  Jilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongqi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, General Surgery Center First Hospital of Jilin University  Jilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0140-7895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoyue","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, General Surgery Center First Hospital of Jilin University  Jilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31607-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111754"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-017-9830-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315259"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000440754"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.711217"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.240.269"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i20.3056"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-019-08772-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01811.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2019.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddab273"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i4.878"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00347-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13309"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17219"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv071"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.649376"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113184"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3359"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5808\/GI.2016.14.4.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","first-page":"1961","article-title":"Assessing the suitability of summary data for two\u2010sample mendelian randomization analyses using MR\u2010Egger regression: the role of the I2 statistic","volume":"45","author":"Bowden J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.50.5919"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43699-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1603547"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-014-0189-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000447252"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200309000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9544-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-009-0164-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17111864"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i29.4929"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0255-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12794"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32183"}],"container-title":["Liver International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/liv.15616","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T10:47:26Z","timestamp":1692355646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/liv.15616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/liv.15616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.15616","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-3223","1478-3231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-3223","type":"print"},{"value":"1478-3231","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}