{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:29:06Z","timestamp":1792031346361,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background &amp; Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Detecting hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection among key populations helps prevent ongoing transmission. This systematic review aims to determine the association between different testing intervals during post\u2010SVR follow\u2010up on the detection of HCV reinfection among highest risk populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched electronic databases between January 2014 and February 2023 for studies that tested individuals at risk for HCV reinfection at discrete testing intervals and reported HCV reinfection incidence among key populations. Pooled estimates of reinfection incidence were calculated by population and testing frequency using random\u2010effects meta\u2010analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty\u2010one single\u2010armed observational studies (9453 individuals) were included. Thirty\u2010eight studies (8931 individuals) reported HCV reinfection incidence rate and were included in meta\u2010analyses. The overall pooled estimate of HCV reinfection incidence rate was 4.13 per 100 per person\u2010years (py) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.45\u20134.81). The pooled incidence estimate among people who inject drugs (PWID) was 2.84 per 100 py (95% CI: 2.19\u20133.50), among men who have sex with men (MSM) 7.37 per 100 py (95% CI: 5.09\u20139.65) and among people in custodial settings 7.23 per 100 py (95% CI: 2.13\u201316.59). The pooled incidence estimate for studies reporting a testing interval of \u22646\u2009months (4.26 per 100 py; 95% CI: 2.86\u20135.65) was higher than studies reporting testing intervals &gt;6\u2009months (5.19 per 100 py; 95% CI: 3.92\u20136.46).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HCV reinfection incidence was highest in studies of MSM and did not appear to change with retesting interval. Shorter testing intervals are likely to identify more reinfections, help prevent onward transmission where treatment is available and enable progress towards global HCV elimination, but additional comparative studies are required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T00:38:39Z","timestamp":1697071119000},"page":"2625-2644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Determining reinfection rates by hepatitis C testing interval among key populations: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2296-7787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie C.","family":"Munari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination Program Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3452-350X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael W.","family":"Traeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination Program Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinay","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination Program Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ned H.","family":"Latham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination Program Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshmi","family":"Manoharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination Program Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Luhmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programmes  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Baggaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programmes  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programmes  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Verster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization, Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programmes  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandi","family":"Siegfried","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Clinical Epidemiologist  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vancouver Infectious Diseases Centre &amp; Simon Fraser University Vancouver  Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences McGill University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bruneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Emergency Medicine Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Stoov\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination Program Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret E.","family":"Hellard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination Program Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases The Alfred Hospital and Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Elimination Program Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases The Alfred Hospital and Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Global progress report on HIV viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections 2021. 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