{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:28:13Z","timestamp":1790263693690,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with some chronic liver diseases have increased risk of diabetes. Whether this is also the case for patients with autoimmune liver diseases is unknown. The study aimed to calculate risk and worldwide prevalence of diabetes in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a case\u2013control study using data from the United Kingdom Biobank (UKB) and compared frequency of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in AIH and PBC with age\u2010, sex\u2010, BMI\u2010 and ethnicity\u2010matched controls. Next, we performed a systematic review and proportional meta\u2010analysis searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science (inception to 1 May 2022 [AIH]; 20 August 2022 [PBC]; 11 November 2022 [PSC]). The pooled prevalence of diabetes was calculated using an inverse method random effects model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three hundred twenty\u2010eight AIH patients and 345 PBC patients were identified in UKB and risk of T1D and T2D significantly increased compared with matched controls. Our systematic search identified 6914 records including the UKB study. Of these, 77 studies were eligible for inclusion comprising 36\u2009467, 39\u2009924 and 4877 individuals with AIH, PBC and PSC, respectively. The pooled prevalence of T1D was 3.8% (2.6%\u20135.7%), 1.7% (0.9%\u20133.1%), 3.1% (1.9%\u20134.8%) and of T2D 14.8% (11.1%\u201319.5%), 18.1% (14.6%\u201322.2%), 6.3% (2.8%\u201313.3%) in patients with AIH, PBC and PSC, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with autoimmune liver diseases have increased risk of diabetes. Increased awareness of diabetes risk in patients with autoimmune liver diseases is warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T05:49:35Z","timestamp":1695793775000},"page":"2479-2491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Autoimmune liver diseases and diabetes: A propensity score matched analysis and a proportional meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5982-8684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne\u2010Sofie H.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Gastro Unit Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Amager and Hvidovre Hospital  Hvidovre Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2144-1385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Winther\u2010S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3312-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Burisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastro Unit Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Amager and Hvidovre Hospital  Hvidovre Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3858-6241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"Bergquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Upper Abdominal Diseases Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Huddinge Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5018-5232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriette","family":"Ytting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastro Unit Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Amager and Hvidovre Hospital  Hvidovre Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Copenhagen University  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9462-4468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lise L.","family":"Gluud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastro Unit Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Amager and Hvidovre Hospital  Hvidovre Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Copenhagen University  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4230-5753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolai J.","family":"Wewer\u00a0Albrechtsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","unstructured":"UK Biobank ethical approval [Internet]. 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