{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:15:00Z","timestamp":1793315700221,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003107","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["759161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["759161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021371","name":"Schmutzler Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021371","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D), but also to hypothyroidism. Nevertheless, the relationship between thyroid function and NAFLD in diabetes is less clear. This study investigated associations between free thyroxine (fT4) or thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone (TSH) and NAFLD in recent\u2010onset diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants with recent\u2010onset type 1 diabetes (T1D, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009358), T2D (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009596) or without diabetes (CON, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009175) of the German Diabetes Study (GDS), a prospective longitudinal cohort study, underwent Botnia clamp tests and assessment of fT4, TSH, fatty liver index (FLI) and in a representative subcohort <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H\u2010magnetic resonance spectroscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, fT4 levels were similar between T1D and T2D (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.55), but higher than in CON (T1D: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01; T2D: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), while TSH concentrations were not different between all groups. Next, fT4 correlated negatively with FLI and positively with insulin sensitivity only in T2D (<jats:italic>\u00df<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212.110, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01; <jats:italic>\u00df<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.126, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05), specifically in males (<jats:italic>\u00df<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212.117, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05; <jats:italic>\u00df<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.162; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01) upon adjustments for age, sex and BMI. However, correlations between fT4 and FLI lost statistical significance after adjustment for insulin sensitivity (T2D: <jats:italic>\u00df<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212.021, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.67; males with T2D: <jats:italic>\u00df<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212.033; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.56). TSH was associated positively with FLI only in male T2D before (<jats:italic>\u00df<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.116, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05), but not after adjustments for age and BMI (<jats:italic>\u00df<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.052; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.30).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Steatosis risk correlates with lower thyroid function in T2D, which is mediated by insulin resistance and body mass, specifically in men, whereas no such relationship is present in T1D.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T08:19:53Z","timestamp":1694506793000},"page":"27-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Association of thyroid function with non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease in recent\u2010onset diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2540-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Saatmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)  M\u00fcnchen\u2010Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Sch\u00f6n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)  M\u00fcnchen\u2010Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5738-9585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana\u2010Patricia","family":"Zaharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)  M\u00fcnchen\u2010Neuherberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Huttasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)  M\u00fcnchen\u2010Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6636-1373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Strassburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)  M\u00fcnchen\u2010Neuherberg Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Trenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)  M\u00fcnchen\u2010Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuliya","family":"Kupriyanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)  M\u00fcnchen\u2010Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Schrauwen\u2010Hinderling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)  M\u00fcnchen\u2010Neuherberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Maastricht University Medical Center  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Kahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)  M\u00fcnchen\u2010Neuherberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Burkart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)  M\u00fcnchen\u2010Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)  M\u00fcnchen\u2010Neuherberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8200-6382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Roden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)  M\u00fcnchen\u2010Neuherberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the GDS Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00448-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1797-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0329"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2022.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)15696-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000654"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)32517-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00163"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2515"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0693-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0374-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(19)30187-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1743-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0316"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0171"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230x-6-33"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21178"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094059"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29302"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.106.672402"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04328.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12840"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2006.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22845"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95546-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045498"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2015-000019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01050-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci120843"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0478"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.ej13-0030"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2965"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2011.0098"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac110"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1353"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1245"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.6.587"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1999.00470.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac480"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21669"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000491388"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00721-z"}],"container-title":["Liver International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/liv.15723","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T10:49:19Z","timestamp":1704278959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/liv.15723"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/liv.15723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.15723","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-3223","1478-3231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-3223","type":"print"},{"value":"1478-3231","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-05-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}