{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T21:18:34Z","timestamp":1787260714732,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background &amp; Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non\u2010alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are potential risk factors for severe pneumonia and other infections. Available data on the role of NAFLD\/NASH in worsening outcomes for COVID\u201019 are controversial and might be confounded by comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the PINC AI\u2122 Healthcare Data Special Release (PHD\u2010SR) to identify patients with COVID\u201019 (ICD\u201010) at approximately 900 hospitals in the United States. We performed exact matching (age, gender, and ethnicity) for patients with or without NAFLD\/NASH, adjusting for demographics (admission type, region) and comorbidities (e.g., obesity, diabetes) through inverse probability of treatment weighting and then analysed hospitalisation\u2010related outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 513\u2009623 patients with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 (COVID\u201019), we identified 14\u2009667 with NAFLD\/NASH who could be matched to 14\u2009667 controls. Mean age was 57.6 (\u00b114.9) years, 50.8% were females and 43.7% were non\u2010Hispanic whites. After matching, baseline characteristics (e.g., age, ethnicity, and gender) and comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease) were well balanced (standard difference (SD) &lt;.10), except for cirrhosis and malignancies. Patients with COVID\u201019 and NAFLD\/NASH had higher FIB\u20104 scores, a significantly longer hospital length of stay (LOS) and intensive care LOS than controls (9.4 vs. 8.3\u2009days, and 10.4 vs. 9.3, respectively), even after adjusting for cirrhosis and malignancies. Patients with COVID\u201019 and NAFLD\/NASH also had significantly higher risk of needing invasive mandatory ventilation (IMV) (odds ratio 1.0727; 95% CI 1.0095\u20131.1400). Other outcomes were similar in both groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this large real\u2010world cohort of patients hospitalised for COVID\u201019 in the United States, NAFLD\/NASH were obesity\u2010independent risk factors for complicated disease courses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T03:52:43Z","timestamp":1702957963000},"page":"715-722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["<scp>NAFLD<\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>NASH<\/scp>\n                    are obesity\u2010independent risk factors in\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019: Matched real\u2010world results from the large\n                    <scp>PINC AI<\/scp>\n                    \u2122 Healthcare Database"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7429-7412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan F.","family":"Brozat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow\u2010Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charit\u00e9 Mitte (CCM)  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fady","family":"Ntanios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Dagenais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nino","family":"Katchiuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birol","family":"Emir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6206-0226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Tacke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow\u2010Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charit\u00e9 Mitte (CCM)  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.WHO Coronavirus (COVID\u201019) Dashboard.2023. Accessed May 25 2022.covid19.who.int"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","unstructured":"HodcroftE.CoVariants.2022. Accessed November 20 2022.https:\/\/covariants.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-2730"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31173"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30251"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.11.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.05.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10078-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.626425"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324879"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001902"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12232"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BramanteC TignanelliCJ DuttaN et\u00a0al.Non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and risk of hospitalization for COVID\u201019.medRxiv.2020. doi:10.1101\/2020.09.01.20185850","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.01.20185850"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14583"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-022-00678-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17161\/kjm.vol15.16522"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07370-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-022-02933-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.829423"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7235860"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.07.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcy227"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13860"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau.Population and Housing Unit Estimates Datasets. Accessed November 19 2022.census.gov\/programs\u2010surveys\/popest\/data\/data\u2010sets.2016.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. Accessed November 20 2022.census.gov\/library\/visualisations\/interactive\/race\u2010and\u2010ethnicity\u2010in\u2010the\u2010united\u2010state\u20102010\u2010and\u20102020\u2010census.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.200679"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01400-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1899-9046"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-7179"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16077"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2020-000572"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3952-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-022-03000-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321611"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00523-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15680"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.07.028"}],"container-title":["Liver International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/liv.15815","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/liv.15815","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/liv.15815","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:58Z","timestamp":1773014458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/liv.15815"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/liv.15815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.15815","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-3223","1478-3231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-3223","type":"print"},{"value":"1478-3231","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}