{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:46:02Z","timestamp":1788349562494,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012247","name":"Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glucosamine is a dietary supplement commonly used to support joint health. However, there has been interest in exploring other effects of glucosamine on health outcomes due to its ant\u2010inflammation effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study compared the risks of major adverse liver outcomes (MALOs) between regular users and non\u2010users of glucosamine among patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) using the data from a large prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Demographic, anthropometric, laboratory and medication prescription information among 18\u2009753 patients with type 2 diabetes and MASLD was obtained from the UK Biobank. MASLD was identified based on hepatic steatosis defined by fatty liver index \u226560 plus the presence of any clues of metabolic dysregulation and cardio\u2010metabolic risk factors, excluding patients with moderate to severe alcohol consumption.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During a mean follow\u2010up of 11.4\u2009years, 826 incident MALOs events were recorded. Patients not regularly using glucosamine compared with patients using glucosamine showed a significantly higher risk of the composite MALOs (HR 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09\u20131.69) as well as most individual MALOs except for ascites. The multivariable\u2010adjusted HRs of MALOs within 3, 5 and 10\u2009years among non\u2010users of glucosamine compared with regular users were 1.79 (95% CI .69\u20132.03), 1.88 (95% CI 1.21\u20132.54) and 1.32 (95% CI 1.05\u20131.72), respectively. Further subgroup analyses in participants with different baseline characteristics and sensitivity analyses excluding participants who regularly took any other supplements and participants who used self\u2010reports to diagnose diabetes confirmed the findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study indicated that habitual use of glucosamine was associated with a low risk of individual and composite MALOs among patients with type 2 diabetes and MASLD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.16001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T09:53:44Z","timestamp":1717667624000},"page":"2359-2367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Habitual use of glucosamine and adverse liver outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes and 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