{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:24:13Z","timestamp":1782761053781,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 DK123262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 DK123262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is increased interest in utilizing dietary interventions to alter the progression of autoimmune diseases. These efforts are driven by associations of gut microbiota\/metabolites with levels of short\u2010chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Propionate is a key SCFA that is commonly used as a food preservative and is endogenously generated by bacterial fermentation of non\u2010digestible carbohydrates in the gut. A thesis has suggested that a diet rich in propionate and other SCFAs can successfully modulate autoimmunity. Herein, we investigated the effect of long\u2010term administration of propionylated high\u2010amylose resistant starches (HAMSP) on the course of murine primary biliary cholangitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Groups of female ARE\u2010Del mice were fed an HAMSP diet either before or after disease onset. A detailed immunobiological analysis was performed involving autoantibodies and rigorous T\u2010cell phenotyping, including enumeration of T\u2010cell subsets in the spleen, liver, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria by flow cytometry. Histopathological scores were used to assess the frequency and severity of liver inflammation and damage to hepatocytes and bile ducts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results demonstrate that a long\u2010term propionate\u2010yielding diet re\u2010populated the T\u2010cell pool with decreased na\u00efve and central memory T\u2010cell subsets and an increase in the effector memory T cells in mice. Similarly, long\u2010term HAMSP intake reduced CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> double\u2010positive T cells in intraepithelial lymphocytes and the intestinal lamina propria. Critically, HAMSP consumption led to moderate\u2010to\u2010severe hepatocellular steatosis in ARE\u2010Del mice, independent of the stage of autoimmune cholangitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data suggest that administration of HAMSP induces both regulatory and effector T cells. Furthermore, HAMSP administration resulted in hepatocellular steatosis. Given the interest in dietary modulation of autoimmunity and because propionate is widely used as a food preservative, these data have significant implications. This study also provides new insights into the immunological and pathological effects of chronic propionate exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.16060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T10:15:16Z","timestamp":1722852916000},"page":"2834-2846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dietary therapy of murine primary biliary cholangitis induces hepatocellular steatosis: A cautionary tale"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3193-6851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weici","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taha","family":"Al\u00a0Tekreeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick S. 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