{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:18:54Z","timestamp":1792592334562,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021ZD0113200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0113200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Discriminating between idiosyncratic drug\u2010induced liver injury (DILI) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is critical yet challenging. We aim to develop and validate a machine learning (ML)\u2010based model to aid in this differentiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This multicenter cohort study utilised a development set from Beijing Friendship Hospital, with retrospective and prospective validation sets from 10 tertiary hospitals across various regions of China spanning January 2009 to May 2023. Different ML algorithms were tested using 24 routine laboratory parameters. The Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was used to evaluate the contribution of each parameter in the ML model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 2554 patients (1750 for DILI and 804 for AIH) were included. Using Gradient Boost Decision Tree algorithm, five key parameters\u2014aspartate transaminase, globulin, prealbumin, creatinine and platelet count\u2014were selected to construct the ML model. Consequently, a web\u2010based tool named Beijing\u2010AID (BJ\u2010AID) was developed (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/43.143.153.225:5000\/\">http:\/\/43.143.153.225:5000\/<\/jats:ext-link>). The BJ\u2010AID model demonstrated excellent discrimination performance, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.902\u20130.975) in the development set, 0.91 (95% CI, 0.900\u20130.928) in all external validation sets and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.889\u20130.974) in a prospective validation set. Notably, the BJ\u2010AID model also effectively discriminated atypical cases, including drug\u2010induced autoimmune\u2010like hepatitis and AIH with the history of drug consumption, achieving an AUROC\u2009=\u20090.85 (95% CI, 0.742\u20130.949).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We successfully developed and validated a machine learning\u2010based model, BJ\u2010AID, which exhibits a strong discrimination performance. BJ\u2010AID can assist practitioners and hepatologists in diagnosing both typical and atypical cases of DILI and AIH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05532345<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.16239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T12:24:02Z","timestamp":1737030242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development and Validation of a Novel Model to Discriminate Idiosyncratic Drug\u2010Induced Liver Injury and Autoimmune Hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuhui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, Faculty of the Built Environment University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Mount Sinai Hospital  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0100-417X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Tianjin Second People's Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuju","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University  Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Wulumuqi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital  Harbin Heilongjiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology Lanzhou University Affiliated Second Hospital  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Qinghai People's Hospital  Xining Qinghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingshou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zikun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jidong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Unit, the Department of Hepatology Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1778-269X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengsheng","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8016-4368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health and National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Disease  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2004.02133.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.34857"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2005.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.03.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29283"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80297-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22322"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23584"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000648"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25658"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32087"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.58"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90101-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10170-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"Classification and Regression Trees","author":"Breiman L.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","volume-title":"31st Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Lundberg S. M.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Gulhar R.","year":"2024"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"1575","article-title":"Prealbumin: A Marker for Nutritional Evaluation","volume":"65","author":"Beck F. K.","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Family Physician"}],"container-title":["Liver International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/liv.16239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T08:04:22Z","timestamp":1744185862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/liv.16239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/liv.16239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.16239","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1478-3223","1478-3231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1478-3223","type":"print"},{"value":"1478-3231","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e16239"}}