{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T06:56:08Z","timestamp":1785826568836,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis B (HBV) continues to pose a significant public health challenge in China. This study aimed to assess the macroeconomic burden of HBV and its impact on gross domestic product (GDP) in China and estimate the potential benefits of early and enhanced interventions between 2023 and 2050.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A compartmental model was employed to simulate HBV transmission, progression, and patient care. The model was structured by age and sex to calculate the costs and benefits associated with achieving World Health Organisation (WHO) coverage targets by 2030, 2040, and 2050. The macroeconomic burden was estimated using a health\u2010augment model, based on a counterfactual scenario. All costs were reported in 2023 US dollars.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimated macroeconomic burden of HBV in China from 2023 to 2050 is projected to reach $2.52\u2009trillion, representing 0.33% of the country's total GDP. Achieving the WHO HBV diagnosis and treatment coverage targets by 2030 could, over the same period, reduce cumulative CHB incidence by 0.27(95% UI 0.24\u20130.30)\u2009million, prevent 1.08(95% UI 0.91\u20131.24)\u2009million HCC cases, avert 2.98(95% UI 2.83\u20133.14)\u2009million HBV\u2010related deaths, and contribute an additional $0.85\u2009trillion (95% UI $0.78\u2013$0.93\u2009trillion) to GDP by 2050.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underscore the importance of early and increased interventions in the diagnosis and treatment of HBV to mitigate the long\u2010term impact of CHB, HCC, and HBV\u2010related deaths. Achieving WHO coverage targets not only optimises disease burden but also promotes economic growth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T08:56:52Z","timestamp":1742720212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating the Macroeconomic Burden of Hepatitis B and the Gains From Timely Coverage Investments in China"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy\/Evidence\u2010Based Pharmacy Center West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Children's Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province  Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products in Vitro and in Vivo Correlation  Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children Sichuan University, Ministry of Education  Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Shanghai Chest Hospital  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Shanghai Chest Hospital  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huajie","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's Health Economics (KHE), health Service and Population Research Department Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience, King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy\/Evidence\u2010Based Pharmacy Center West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Children's Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province  Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products in Vitro and in Vivo Correlation  Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children Sichuan University, Ministry of Education  Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"West China Biomedical Big Data Center West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"Chinese Evidence\u2010Based Medicine Center West China Hospital, Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6696-7471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Shanghai Chest Hospital  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cGlobal Hepatitis Report 2017 \u201d2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cGlobal Health Sector Strategies on Respectively HIV Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections for the Period 2022\u20132030 \u201d2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","unstructured":"CDA Foundation \u201cPolaris Observatory: Country Distribution \u201d2024.July 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2024.101193"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020231"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh\u20102020\u2010002306"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30101-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100833"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-023-00132-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01393-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.04043"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa134"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067975"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-021-01038-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00156-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","unstructured":"A.Tools \u201cAtomica Documentation: Master \u201d2024.July 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.13031.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation \u201cGBD Results Seattle WA: IHME University of Washington \u201d(2024) https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd\u2010results\/(link is external)."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"The Economic Burden of Hepatitis B\u2010Related Diseases in Zhejiang Province","volume":"25","author":"Yang Z.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Vaccines and Immunization"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","first-page":"122","article-title":"Changes in Adherence to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance Among High\u2010Risk Population in a Hospital in Yunnan and the Related Influencing Factors","volume":"24","author":"Liu C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chinese Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","first-page":"274","article-title":"Analysis of Compliance and Results of Liver Cancer Screening in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection","volume":"50","author":"Guo J. 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