{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T21:18:50Z","timestamp":1787260730680,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction\u2010associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease globally. MASLD is a multisystem disease where metabolic dysfunction plays a key role in the development of MASLD and its most relevant liver\u2010related morbidities and extrahepatic complications, such as cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and certain types of extrahepatic cancers. Among the least examined MASLD\u2010related extrahepatic complications, an ever\u2010increasing number of observational studies have reported a positive association between MASLD and the risk of serious bacterial infections (SBI) requiring hospital admission. This risk remained significant in those studies where statistical analysis was adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, obesity, type 2 diabetes and other common comorbidities. Notably, the incidence rates of SBI were further increased with more advanced MASLD, especially in patients with MASLD\u2010related cirrhosis, and were also observed for some acute viral infections, including SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection, leading to severe COVID\u201019. In this narrative review article, we provide an overview of the literature on (a) the recent epidemiological data linking MASLD to the risk of serious bacterial and non\u2010bacterial infections requiring hospital admission, (b) the putative underlying mechanisms through which MASLD may increase the susceptibility to serious infections, both directly and through the immune dysfunction associated with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, and (c) the practical and clinical implications of the increased risk of serious bacterial and non\u2010bacterial infections in the growing global population with MASLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T08:42:37Z","timestamp":1741768957000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Risk of Serious Bacterial and Non\u2010Bacterial Infections in People With\n                    <scp>MASLD<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4325-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Targher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Verona  Verona Italy"},{"name":"Metabolic Diseases Research Unit IRCCS Sacro Cuore\u2014Don Calabria Hospital  Negrar di Valpolicella Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Tilg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Medical University Innsbruck  Innsbruck Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8909-0345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Valenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation University of Milan  Milan 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