{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:55:55Z","timestamp":1791618955275,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gallbladder and biliary diseases remain a major contributor to the causes of global disease burden. The study aims to provide updated estimates and projections of the global burden of gallbladder and biliary diseases from 1990 to 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We extracted age\u2010standardised prevalence rate (ASPR), incidence rate (ASIR) and disability\u2010adjusted life years rate (ASDR) from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD). We analysed the data by calculating the annual percentage change (EAPC) and stratified the data by sex, across 20 age groups, 21 GBD regions, 204 countries and territories, and five Socio\u2010demographic Index (SDI) quintiles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>The global burden remained grim, with a total number of 251\u2009574\u2009857 cases [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 215272108\u2013293\u2009541\u2009994] and an ASPR of 2966.7 per 100\u2009000 persons (95% UI: 2551.7\u20133447.6) in 2021. The ASIR was 865.4 per 100\u2009000 persons (95% UI: 747.6\u20131000.8), with the ASDR of 91.7 per 100\u2009000 persons (95% UI: 69.6\u2013122.1). Regionally, Central Europe had both the highest ASPR and ASIR, while Central Latin America showed the highest ASDR. Globally, 35.9% of gallbladder and biliary diseases burden is attributed to high Body mass index (BMI) and 4.8% to smoking. It is projected that by 2040, the global burden of gallbladder and biliary diseases will rise slightly across these main indicators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the global prevalence of gallbladder and biliary diseases has been declining over the past 32\u2009years, the severe economic burden caused by it still exists, and there are huge differences between the levels of development of different regions and countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T03:38:51Z","timestamp":1745725131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Global, Regional, National Burden of Gallbladder and Biliary Diseases From 1990 to 2021 and Forecasted Trends by 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