{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:47:06Z","timestamp":1792691226071,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The hepatitis E virus (HEV; species\n                      <jats:italic>Paslahepevirus balayani<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is a common human pathogenic and zoonotic virus that can cause both acute fulminant and chronic hepatitis. Despite its reputation as a hepatotropic virus, HEV infection is also associated with a number of extrahepatic diseases, including kidney disorders. However, the extent to which HEV replicates in kidney cells remains unclear. The present study aims to investigate the capacity of HEV to propagate in kidney cells in\u00a0vitro and to assess whether HEV displays mutational signatures that correlate with compartmentalisation in\u00a0vivo.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We use HEV cell culture models to study the replication cycle and the effect of antivirals in human kidney cell lines and primary cells. In addition, we identified patients with chronic HEV infection (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099) from which we then sequenced the viral RNA of urine, stools and plasma to analyse the viral sequence composition, to assess intra\u2010host diversity and compartmentalisation (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A wide range of human kidney cell lines as well as primary cells supports viral entry, replication and propagation of HEV in\u00a0vitro. Interestingly, the broad\u2010spectrum antiviral ribavirin was less effective in inhibiting HEV replication in some kidney cells. Sequencing of HEV RNA\u2010directed RNA polymerase coding region from plasma, stool and urine and subsequent phylogenetic analysis revealed diversification of HEV into tissue\u2010specific viral subpopulations. In particular, the viruses derived from urine were found to be distinct from those derived from plasma and stool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, kidney cells support the propagation of HEV in\u00a0vitro and exhibit reduced sensitivity to antiviral treatment. Furthermore, HEV patient\u2010derived sequences demonstrated compartmentalisation into distinct clusters that correlated with sample source. Collectively, these data indicate the potential for extrahepatic replication of HEV, which may result in clinically significant disease or serve as a reservoir for patient relapse.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                      HepNet\u2010SofE study (NCT03282474)\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T05:37:53Z","timestamp":1751002673000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Extrahepatic Replication and Genomic Signatures of the Hepatitis E Virus in the Kidney"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Avista","family":"Wahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Virology TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a 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