{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:39:13Z","timestamp":1790735953921,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TR 1700\/7\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TR 1700\/7\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE2136\/7\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE2136\/7\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE2136\/3\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE2136\/3\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Large language models (LLMs) can potentially support clinicians in their daily routine by providing easy access to information. Yet, they are plagued by stating incorrect facts and hallucinating when queried. Increasing the context by providing external databases while prompting LLMs may decrease the risk of misinformation. This study compares the influence of increased context on the coherence of LLM\u2010based treatment recommendations with the recently updated WHO guidelines for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GPT\u20104 was queried with five clinical case vignettes in two configurations: with and without additional context. The clinical vignettes were explicitly constructed so that treatment recommendations differed between the formerly applicable 2015 WHO guidelines and the updated 2024 ones. GPT\u20104 with context was provided access to the updated guidelines, while GPT\u20104 without context had to rely on its internal knowledge. GPT\u20104 was accessed only a few days after the release of the new WHO guidelines. Treatment recommendations were compared regarding guideline coherence, information inclusion, textual errors, wording clarity and preciseness by seven physicians.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using GPT\u20104 with context increased the coherence of the treatment recommendations with the new 2024 guidelines from 51% to 91% compared to GPT\u20104 without context. Similar trends were observed for all other categories, leading to an increase of 54% in preciseness and clarity, 24% in completeness of incorporating the case vignette information, and 12% in textual correctness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>If LLMs are consulted by clinicians for medical advice, they should be given access to external data sources to increase the chance of providing factually correct advice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T07:27:16Z","timestamp":1756798036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Impact of Access to Clinical Guidelines on LLM\u2010Based Treatment Recommendations for Chronic Hepatitis B"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4608-5180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Siepmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6728-9246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolin Victoria","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc Sebastian","family":"von der Stueck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iakovos","family":"Amygdalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Transplantation University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Gro\u00dfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai Markus","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maike Rebecca","family":"Pollmanns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Murad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Joy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Kabak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcella Ricardis","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Clusmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"},{"name":"Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Technical University Dresden  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Kuhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5267-9962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Nebelung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob Nikolas","family":"Kather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Technical University Dresden  Dresden Germany"},{"name":"Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) University Hospital Heidelberg  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medicine 1 University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Truhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology University Hospital RWTH Aachen  Aachen 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