{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:11:48Z","timestamp":1788336708290,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI23\/01065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI23\/01065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most international guidelines recommend screening for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) only for individuals with risk factors or elevated ALT levels. However, this approach may not suffice to eradicate viral hepatitis. This study evaluates the application of EASL HBV and HCV screening guidelines in primary care centres (PCCs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included two components: (1) A retrospective review (January 2021\u2013March 2023) of microbiology data to determine testing rates, analyse clinical characteristics, and assess management; and (2) A prospective intervention (March\u2013April 2024) involving HBV and HCV screening and risk factor surveys for all adults attending two PCCs for blood collection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the retrospective analysis of 90\u2009170 patients, HBV and HCV screening rates were 16% and 10%, respectively. Among HBsAg\u2010positive patients (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200984 (0.5%)), 67% lacked risk factors or elevated ALT. Among anti\u2010HCV\u2010positive (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009277 (3%)) and HCV RNA\u2010positive (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200945 (0.5%)) patients, 54% and 46% respectively lacked these indicators.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>In the prospective study of 1030 patients (mean age 55, 39.6% men, 73% Spanish), anti\u2010HCV was detected in 1.16% of cases (HCV RNA in 0.19%). Of these, 67% lacked risk factors or elevated ALT. No HBsAg\u2010positive cases were identified, and hepatitis B vaccination status was uncertain for 50% of patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Risk factor\u2010based screening for HBV and HCV in primary care is a suboptimal approach. More than half of the patients testing positive lacked identifiable risk factors or elevated ALT levels. Universal one\u2010time screening for all adults could address these limitations and significantly advance viral hepatitis elimination efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T12:29:04Z","timestamp":1758284944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Beyond Risk Factors: Rethinking Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Screening in Primary Care"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Vargas\u2010Accarino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Department Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Liver Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"CIBERehd enfermedades hep\u00e1ticas y digestivas  Madrid 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Janeiro  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Arcusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAP Trinitat Vella  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Monserrate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAP Chafarinas  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"de Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAP Horta  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Selvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAP Sant Andreu  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Palom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"CIBERehd enfermedades hep\u00e1ticas y digestivas  Madrid 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