{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T13:03:57Z","timestamp":1781183037986,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AA24726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA24726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AA031710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA031710"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37 AA020703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37 AA020703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 DK120515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK120515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Liver International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background &amp; Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dysregulation of hepatic cathepsins contributes to metabolic dysfunction\u2010associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) by promoting inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. However, the role of intestinal cathepsins in MASLD has not been investigated. Given the central role of the gut\u2010liver axis in disease progression, this represents an important knowledge gap.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Faecal cathepsin B and S activity was measured in 95 patients with MASLD and 18 healthy controls. Cathepsin activity was correlated with liver disease severity, metabolic parameters, and gut microbiome composition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Faecal cathepsin B and S activity was higher in patients with MASLD than in healthy controls. Cathepsin B activity was further increased in patients with metabolic dysfunction\u2010associated steatohepatitis. Cathepsin B and S activity correlated with serum transaminases and hepatic steatosis, while cathepsin B activity was additionally associated with liver stiffness. Cathepsin B and S activity correlated with adiposity but showed no associations with other metabolic dysfunction\u2010related parameters. Moreover, gut microbiome composition differed between patients with low vs. high faecal cathepsin B or S activity, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased faecal cathepsin B and S activity is associated with liver disease severity and adiposity in MASLD and is linked to alterations of the gut microbiome, suggesting a potential role of intestinal cathepsins in gut\u2010liver axis dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T08:29:50Z","timestamp":1778142590000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Faecal Cathepsin B and S Are Associated With Liver Disease Severity and Adiposity in\n                    <scp>MASLD<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0143-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aenne","family":"Harberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"First Department of Medicine University Centre Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5099-3421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos F.","family":"Fondevila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henriette","family":"Kreimeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus  Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Miwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00fcnevver","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow\u2010Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charit\u00e9 Mitte (CCM)  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6281-825X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernd","family":"Schnabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine VA San Diego Healthcare System  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2412865"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63056-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22753"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124959"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.368"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.05.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00904-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03188.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32505-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32489-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","article-title":"Macrophage\u2010Derived Cathepsin B Disrupts Intestinal Tight Junctions Through Occludin Degradation and Promotes Alcohol\u2010Associated Liver Disease","volume":"24","author":"Fondevila M. 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