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The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has substantially expanded treatment options for advanced disease; however, durable responses are observed only in a subset of patients. Increasing evidence indicates that this limited efficacy is largely driven by the complex immune landscape of HCC, which is shaped by disease aetiology, tumour microenvironment\u2013mediated immune suppression, and impaired innate immune surveillance. Chronic viral hepatitis and metabolically driven liver diseases represent the principal drivers of HCC and profoundly influence immune regulation within the liver. Persistent antigen exposure, metabolic reprogramming, and stromal remodelling contribute to dysfunctional T\u2010 and natural killer (NK) cell responses, while immunosuppressive components of the tumour microenvironment, including tumour\u2010associated macrophages, myeloid\u2010derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, and inhibitory ligands such as HLA\u2010G, facilitate immune escape and therapeutic resistance. In this review, we discuss recent advances in HCC immunotherapy, focusing on emerging checkpoint pathways such as TIGIT and Tim\u20103, glypican\u20103 targeted cellular therapies and bispecific antibodies, and NK cell\u2010based therapeutic strategies. We further highlight the role of liquid biopsy approaches for treatment monitoring and biomarker development. Together, these insights emphasize the need for biomarker\u2010guided patient stratification and integrated therapeutic strategies to improve the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy in HCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T04:56:57Z","timestamp":1782968217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Emerging Immune\u2010Based Therapeutic Strategies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4495-1724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine","family":"Kah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane  Neuruppin Germany"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology 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