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We assume that if a neural signature were associated with RD etiology, it would (a) manifest across comparisons in different languages, (b) be experience independent and appear in comparisons between RD and reading\u2010matched controls, (c) be present both pre\u2010 and post\u2010intervention, (d) be found in at\u2010risk, pre\u2010reading children, and (e) be associated with genetic risk. We discuss each of these five characteristics in turn and summarize the studies that have examined each of them. The available literature provides evidence that anomalies in left temporo\u2010parietal cortex, and possibly occipito\u2010temporal cortex, may be closely related to the etiology of RD. Improved understanding of the etiology of RD can help improve the accuracy of early detection and enable targeted intervention of cognitive processes that are amenable to change, leading to improved outcomes in at\u2010risk or affected populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/lnc3.12239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,24]],"date-time":"2017-04-24T00:41:03Z","timestamp":1492994463000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Neurobiological bases of reading disorder Part I: Etiological investigations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-4105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhichao","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences University of California  USA"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &amp; IDG\/McGovern 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