{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T07:07:03Z","timestamp":1776928023962,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]],"date-time":"2013-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chi-Mei Medical Center","award":["CLFHR9829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CLFHR9829"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["LUTS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effect of agmatine on bladder contractility and the diabetes\u2010induced alteration of this action were studied in the rat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bladder strips were isolated from 9\u2010week\u2010old streptozotocin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STZ<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010diabetic rats and control Wistar rats. Strips were hung in an organ bath for measurement of isometric tension and pre\u2010contracted with either 1\u2009\u00b5mol\/L acetylcholine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACh<\/jats:styled-content>) or 50\u2009mmol\/L <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KCl<\/jats:styled-content>. Dose\u2010dependent relaxation of the bladder strips was studied by cumulative administration of agmatine 1\u2013100\u2009\u00b5mol\/L into the organ bath. Effects of specific imidazoline receptor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IR<\/jats:styled-content>) antagonists on the agmatine\u2010induced relaxation were studied. Western blotting analysis was used to measure bladder <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IR<\/jats:styled-content>, sulphonylurea receptor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SUR<\/jats:styled-content>) and inwardly rectifying K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> channel subunit 6.2 (Kir 6.2) protein levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Agmatine reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACh<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KCl<\/jats:styled-content> pre\u2010contracted bladder strip tension in a dose\u2010dependent fashion. Relaxation was significantly increased in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STZ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010diabetic rats. The relaxation was inhibited by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BU224<\/jats:styled-content>, a selective <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> IR<\/jats:styled-content> antagonist; but not by efaroxan (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> IR<\/jats:styled-content> antagonist) or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KU14R<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> IR<\/jats:styled-content> antagonist). Moreover, the agmatine\u2010induced relaxation was attenuated by glibenclamide (inhibitor of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<jats:sub>ATP<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> channel) and H\u201089 (inhibitor of protein kinase A), but enhanced by 3\u2010isobutyl\u20101\u2010methylxanthine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBMX<\/jats:styled-content>, inhibitor of cyclic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMP<\/jats:styled-content> phosphodiesterase). Western blotting showed increased expression of bladder <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IR<\/jats:styled-content> but not <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SUR<\/jats:styled-content> or Kir 6.2 in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STZ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010diabetic rat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Agmatine causes rat bladder relaxation by activation of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> IR<\/jats:styled-content>, which opens <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<jats:sub>ATP<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> channels through the cyclic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMP<\/jats:styled-content>\/protein kinase A pathway. Agmatine\u2010induced bladder relaxation in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STZ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010diabetic rats is increased due to a higher expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IR<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]],"date-time":"2013-09-05T04:52:35Z","timestamp":1378356755000},"page":"117-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Urinary Bladder Relaxation through Activation of Imidazoline Receptors Induced by Agmatine is Increased in Diabetic Rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Tsung\u2010Chin","family":"TSAI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Chi\u2010Mei Medical Center Liouying Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia\u2010Ho","family":"LIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Chi\u2010Mei Medical Center Liouying Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsien\u2010Hui","family":"CHUNG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juei\u2010Tang","family":"CHENG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research Chi\u2010Mei Medical Center Tainan Taiwan,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I\u2010Hung","family":"CHEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology College of Medicine and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yat\u2010Ching","family":"TONG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology College of Medicine and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University Tainan 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