{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T21:06:59Z","timestamp":1783544819203,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,12]],"date-time":"2014-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["LUTS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lower urinary tract symptoms (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LUTS<\/jats:styled-content>) are common in various bladder disorders. This study investigated urothelial dysfunction and chronic inflammation in the urothelium in different types of lower urinary tract dysfunction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LUTD<\/jats:styled-content>), which causes bladder storage symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bladder tissues were obtained from patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LUTD<\/jats:styled-content> including 17 with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BPS<\/jats:styled-content>), 15 with bladder outlet obstruction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOO<\/jats:styled-content>), 12 with spinal cord injury (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>), 12 with recurrent urinary tract infection (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content>), 13 with ketamine related cystitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KC<\/jats:styled-content>) and 10 controls. The bladder specimens were investigated using immunofluorescence (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content>) staining of the urothelial junction protein <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cadherin and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TUNEL<\/jats:styled-content> assay for urothelial apoptosis. Mast cell activation was also measured by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content> using tryptase for mucosal inflammation. Statistical analysis was performed using the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>ruskal\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>allis and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>ilcoxon rank\u2010sum test and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010values less than 0.05 were considered significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Highly significant increases of mast cell infiltration were observed in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KC<\/jats:styled-content> (7.8\u2009\u00b1\u20093.7), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BPS<\/jats:styled-content> (4.6\u2009\u00b1\u20093.0), recurrent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content> (2.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content> (3.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.7), and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOO<\/jats:styled-content> (5.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0) compared with controls (1.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2) (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Statistically significant increases of apoptotic cells were observed in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KC<\/jats:styled-content> (4.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BPS<\/jats:styled-content> (2.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content> (2.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4), recurrent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content> (1.9\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4), and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOO<\/jats:styled-content> (1.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1) compared with controls (0.08\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3) (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Significantly decreased expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cadherin in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BPS<\/jats:styled-content> (25.1\u2009\u00b1\u200916.3), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KC<\/jats:styled-content> (11.0\u2009\u00b1\u200911.3), and recurrent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTI<\/jats:styled-content> (26.2\u2009\u00b1\u20095.0) was found compared to controls (42.4\u2009\u00b1\u200916.7) and patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content> (44.4\u2009\u00b1\u200918.8) or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOO<\/jats:styled-content> (42.8\u2009\u00b1\u200914.3) (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased urothelial inflammation and urothelial cell apoptosis seem to share common pathophysiologies of various <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LUTD<\/jats:styled-content>s that cause similar bladder symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,12]],"date-time":"2014-05-12T07:58:43Z","timestamp":1399881523000},"page":"102-107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Alteration of Urothelial Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Junction Protein in Patients with Various Bladder Conditions and Storage Bladder Symptoms Suggest Common Pathway Involved in Underlying Pathophysiology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Hsin\u2010Tzu","family":"LIU","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University  Hualien Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University  Hualien Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan\u2010Hong","family":"JIANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University  Hualien Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hann\u2010Chorng","family":"KUO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University  Hualien Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Pathophysiology of overactive bladder and urge urinary incontinence","volume":"4","author":"Steers WD","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev 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