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The objectives of this article are to review the mechanism of action, the type of neuromodulation, and the efficacy of neuromodulation mainly according to the results of randomized controlled trials. Neuromodulation includes pelvic floor electrical stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ES<\/jats:styled-content>) using vaginal, anal and surface electrodes, interferential therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content>), magnetic stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>), percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation, and sacral nerve stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNS<\/jats:styled-content>). The former four stimulations are used for external periodic (short\u2010term) stimulation, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNS<\/jats:styled-content> are used for internal, chronic (long\u2010term) stimulation. All of these therapies have been reported to be effective for overactive bladder or urgency urinary incontinence. Pelvic floor <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ES<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content>, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> have also been reported to be effective for stress urinary incontinence. The mechanism of neuromodulation for overactive bladder has been reported to be the reflex inhibition of detrusor contraction by the activation of afferent fibers by three actions, i.e., the activation of hypogastric nerve, the direct inhibition of the pelvic nerve within the sacral cord and the supraspinal inhibition of the detrusor reflex. The mechanism of neuromodulation for stress incontinence is contraction of the pelvic floor muscles through an effect on the muscle fibers as well as through the stimulation of pudendal nerves. Overall, cure and improvement rates of these therapies for urinary incontinence are 30\u201350, and 60\u201390% respectively. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> has been considered to be a technique for stimulating nervous system noninvasively. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNS<\/jats:styled-content> is indicated for patients with refractory overactive bladder and urinary retention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,17]],"date-time":"2015-02-17T12:39:07Z","timestamp":1424176747000},"page":"121-132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Neuromodulation for the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Tomonori","family":"YAMANISHI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Continence Center, Dokkyo Medical University  Tochgi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanya","family":"KAGA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Continence Center, Dokkyo Medical University  Tochgi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"FUSE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Continence Center, Dokkyo Medical University  Tochgi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiharu","family":"SHIBATA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Continence Center, Dokkyo Medical University  Tochgi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"UCHIYAMA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Continence Center, Dokkyo Medical University  Tochgi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2008.02080.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"855","volume-title":"Incontinence","author":"Berghmans B","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)92807-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003450100226"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2006.01387.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199809000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08910.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20968"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.1998.770317.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effect of electrical stimulation on stress and urgency urinary incontinence. 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