{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T06:18:35Z","timestamp":1774073915893,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]],"date-time":"2017-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["LUTS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"Objective<\/jats:title>This study investigated the risk factors of ketamine associated\u2010lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS<\/jats:styled-content>), such as duration of use, dosage of ketamine, co\u2010occurring substance use of other psychoactive drugs, comorbidities, and depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>This study was a cross\u2010sectional survey. LUTS<\/jats:styled-content> was assessed with the O<\/jats:styled-content>'L<\/jats:styled-content>eary symptom and problem index (OSPI<\/jats:styled-content>) scores. We included the comorbidities of interstitial cystitis\/painful bladder syndrome (IC\/PBS<\/jats:styled-content>) as comorbid factors. Depression was evaluated based on the D<\/jats:styled-content>iagnostic and S<\/jats:styled-content>tatistical M<\/jats:styled-content>anual of M<\/jats:styled-content>ental D<\/jats:styled-content>isorders, F<\/jats:styled-content>ifth E<\/jats:styled-content>dition (DSM<\/jats:styled-content> 5). Duration of use, dosage of ketamine and the OSPI<\/jats:styled-content> scores were subjected to log transformation because of the skewed distribution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Result<\/jats:title>Among 143 participating ketamine users, 25 (17.5%) had LUTS<\/jats:styled-content>. Duration of ketamine use was significantly positively correlated with OSPI<\/jats:styled-content> scores (adjusted \u03b2 [95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>], 0.21 [0.06\u20130.35] in log\u2010log model), which equaled a 10% increase in months of ketamine\u2010use increased OSPI<\/jats:styled-content> scores by 2.02 %. Female and depression were significantly associated OSPI<\/jats:styled-content> scores (adjusted \u03b2 [95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>], 0.20 [0.03\u20130.37], 0.49 [0.29\u20130.70], respectively in the log\u2010linear model), with OSPI<\/jats:styled-content> scores being 1.22 times higher in female, and 1.63 times higher in ketamine users with depression. Dosage of use was not significantly associated with OSPI<\/jats:styled-content> scores (adjusted \u03b2 [95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>], 0.04 [\u22120.12 to 0.20], P\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\u20090.64 in log\u2010log model), likewise with comorbid diseases (adjusted \u03b2 [95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>], 0.07 [\u22120.08 to 0.21], P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.36 in log\u2010linear model).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Depression and longer duration of exposure to ketamine are significantly associated with the development of LUTS<\/jats:styled-content> among ketamine users. Early evaluation and intervention of depression should be considered in patients of ketamine\u2010associated LUTS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,14]],"date-time":"2017-07-14T02:32:44Z","timestamp":1499999564000},"page":"281-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Risk Factors of Lower Urinary Tract Syndrome among Ketamine Users"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"I\u2010Chun","family":"CHEN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Taichung General Veterans Hospital Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1067-5904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming\u2010Huei","family":"LEE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Feng\u2010Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Central Taiwan 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