{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T13:57:04Z","timestamp":1781704624916,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["LUTS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diagnosing interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome presents a major challenge because it relies on subjective symptoms and empirical cystoscopic findings. A practical biomarker should discriminate diseases that cause increased urinary frequency, particularly overactive bladder. Therefore, we aimed to identify blood biomarkers that can discriminate between interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome and overactive bladder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled patients with Hunner\u2010type interstitial cystitis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920), bladder pain syndrome (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920), and overactive bladder (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920) and without lower urinary tract symptoms (controls, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915) at Ueda Clinic and Nara Medical University Hospital from February 2020 to August 2021. The degree of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome symptoms was evaluated using the interstitial cystitis symptom and problem indices. Metabolomics analysis was performed on 323 serum metabolites using liquid chromatography time\u2010of\u2010flight mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the Hunner\u2010type interstitial cystitis or bladder pain syndrome group, we observed smaller relative areas, including anandamide, acylcarnitine (18:2), linoleoyl ethanolamide, and arachidonic acid, compared to those in the overactive bladder or control group. Notably, the differences in the relative areas of anandamide were statistically significant (median: 3.950e\u2010005 and 4.150e\u2010005 vs. 8.300e\u2010005 and 9.800e\u2010005), with an area under the curve of 0.9321, demonstrating its ability to discriminate interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum anandamide may be a feasible diagnostic biomarker for interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome. Reduced serum anandamide levels may be associated with pain and inflammation initiation, reflecting the pathology of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome. Furthermore, our findings suggest that abnormal linoleic acid metabolism may be involved in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T05:11:16Z","timestamp":1694236276000},"page":"238-246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Serum anandamide and lipids associated with linoleic acid can distinguish interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome from overactive bladder: An exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2870-0466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazumasa","family":"Torimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Nara Medical University  Nara 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