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The most common pathologies include chronic inflammation and bladder urothelium dysfunction. According to the bladder condition with or without Hunner's lesions, IC\/BPS can be divided into \u201cIC\u201d in patients with Hunner's lesion (HIC) and \u201cBPS\u201d in those without Hunner's lesion (NHIC). Previous studies have reported greater central sensitization and interorgan cross\u2010talk in patients with NHIC. Multimodal treatments have been recommended in clinical guidelines under the biopsychosocial model. The bladder\u2013gut\u2013brain axis has also been speculated, and multimodal therapies are necessary. Unfortunately, currently, no treatment has been reported durable for IC\/BPS. Patients with IC\/BPS usually experience anxiety, depression, holistic physical responses, and even threats to social support systems. The lack of durable treatment outcomes might result from inadequate diagnostic accuracy and differentiation of clinical phenotypes based on the underlying pathophysiology. Precision assessment and treatment are essential for optimal therapy under definite IC\/BPS phenotype. This article reviewed currently available literature and proposed a diagnosis and treatment algorithm. Based on bladder therapy combined with suitable physical and psychological therapies, a well\u2010grounded multimodal therapy and treatment algorithm for IC\/BPS following a diagnostic protocol are indispensable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T18:51:47Z","timestamp":1700679107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Multimodal therapies and strategies for the treatment of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9927-4092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan\u2010Ru","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation  Hualien Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences Tzu Chi University  Hualien 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