{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:04:41Z","timestamp":1790748281640,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IRiSS Seed funding, Stanford University"},{"name":"Stanford Humanities Center Seed funding"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Anthropol Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The author analyzes the aftermath of Edward\u00a0Hooper's suggestion that the trial of an oral polio vaccine (OPV) in the Belgian colonies of Africa engendered the pandemic form of the AIDS virus, HIV\u20101. In response to\u00a0Hooper's book,\u00a0<jats:roman>The River<\/jats:roman> (1999),\u00a0the Royal Society in London held a conference to debate the origins of HIV. Examination of the quick dismissal of the OPV theory opens a space for legitimately challenging the widely held belief that the vaccine contamination question was convincingly resolved. This article interrogates the relationship between historiography and the making of scientific facts and history, suggesting that historians have been too credulous of scientists\u2019 testimony. The further result of the lack of a thorough analysis of the evidence backing the OPV hypothesis has resulted in a missed opportunity to read <jats:roman>The River<\/jats:roman> as one of the few detailed accounts of the immense social, political, technological, and interspecies infrastructure constituted by Cold War vaccine production. This biomedical infrastructure dramatically changed the geographic and interspecies mobility of viruses in ways that may be impossible to reconstruct. Yet these potential transmission routes remain crucial to acknowledge. The COVID\u201019 pandemic draws attention to the critical importance of studying The WetNet, a concept coined by the author to name the conceptual and material infrastructures of inter\u2010 and intraspecies fluid bonding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/maq.12587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T07:16:46Z","timestamp":1591946206000},"page":"504-524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The WetNet: What the Oral Polio Vaccine Hypothesis Exposes about Globalized Interspecies Fluid Bonds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6911-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. Lochlann","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Stanford University"},{"name":"Global Health and Social Medicine King's College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3967-7_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1969.01340110050002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Altman L. K.1999.Review of Edward Hooper's BookThe Riverin theNew York Times. New York Times November 30."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"The Virus and the Vaccine: The True Story of a Cancer\u2010causing Monkey Virus, Contaminated Polio Vaccine, and the Millions of Americans Exposed","author":"Bookchin D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Cimons M.1999.Marlene Cimons Reviews Edward Hooper's BookThe Riverin theLos Angeles Times. 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October 11.http:\/\/aidsorigins.com\/commentary(accessed April 20 2020).","DOI":"10.1111\/an.2000.41.7.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5451.233b"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"The River: A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS","author":"Hooper E.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0860"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Hooper E.2001b.The Origin of HIV\u20101 Group M: The CHAT Polio Vaccine Theory. Talk given at \u201cOrigin of HIV and Emerging Persistent Viruses\u201d Conference at the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei Italy September 28.https:\/\/pages.ucsd.edu\/~jjmoore\/publications\/hivhooper2001b.html(accessed March 3 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","unstructured":"Hooper E.2007.The Death of Professor Paul M. Osterrieth\u2014and Its Significance for the Origins of AIDS Debate.AIDS Origins.http:\/\/www.aidsorigins.com(accessed April 26 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a119947"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.35.3.310-364.1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17157\/mat.5.3.372"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1960.63030080001006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-092412-155522"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","volume-title":"Biohazards in Biological Research","author":"Lewis A. M.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","unstructured":"Markel H.2011.It's the Science Stupid. 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