{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:01:36Z","timestamp":1787497296632,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]],"date-time":"2014-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1397088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 37701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 37701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Maternal & Child Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives were to examine the growth patterns of preterm and growth\u2010restricted infants and to evaluate the associations of prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction (\n IUGR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) with risk of stunting, wasting and underweight. Data from a cohort of\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010negative pregnant women\u2013infant pairs were collected prospectively in Tanzania. Small for gestational age [\n SGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n , birthweight (BW) <10th percentile] was used as proxy for\n IUGR<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Anthropometry was measured monthly until 18 months. Length\u2010for\u2010age (\n LAZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), weight\u2010for\u2010length (\n WLZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), and weight\u2010for\u2010age (\n WAZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\n z<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010scores were calculated using the 2006 World Health Organization (\n WHO<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n hild\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n rowth\n S<\/jats:styled-content>\n tandards. Stunting, wasting and underweight were defined as binary outcomes using a cut\u2010off of <\u22122 SD of the respective\n z<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010scores. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the associations between preterm and\n SGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n to time to stunting, wasting and underweight. The study included 6664 singletons. Preterm and appropriate for gestational age (\n AGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) infants had slightly better nutritional status than term\u2010\n SGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n infants and despite some catch\u2010up growth, preterm\u2010\n SGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n infants had the poorest nutritional status. The gap in\n LAZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n WAZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2005\n z<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010scores among the groups remained similar throughout the follow\u2010up. Compared with term\u2010\n AGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n babies, relative risk (\n RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) of stunting among preterm\u2010\n AGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n babies was 2.13 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.93\u20132.36),\n RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n among term\u2010\n SGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n was 2.21 (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2.02\u20132.41) and the highest risk was among the babies who were both preterm and\n SGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20097.58, 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 5.41\u201310.64). Similar magnitude of\n RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n of underweight was observed among the three groups. Preterm and\n SGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n infants should be closely monitored for growth failure. Intervention to reduce preterm and\n SGA<\/jats:styled-content>\n birth may lower risk of undernutrition in resource\u2010limited settings.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]],"date-time":"2014-04-10T21:11:30Z","timestamp":1397164290000},"page":"618-630","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The contribution of preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction to childhood undernutrition in\n T<\/scp>\n anzania"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6445-9481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayesha","family":"Sania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population Harvard School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Spiegelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Harvard School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Rich\u2010Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"The Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Hertzmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramadhani S.","family":"Mwiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Harvard School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrick","family":"Kisenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafaie W.","family":"Fawzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population Harvard School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition Harvard School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Conceptualization, measurement, and use of gestational age. 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